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COVID-19 lockdown in Wuhan
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    COVID-19 lockdown in Wuhan

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    COVID-19 lockdown in China
    Part of the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China
    Policemen wearing masks patrolling Wuhan Tianhe Airport during Wuhan coronavirus outbreak.jpg
    A nurse measuring the body temperature for outpatients in Hubei TCM Hospital.jpg
    Citizens of Wuhan lining up outside of a drug store to buy masks during the Wuhan coronavirus outbreak.jpg
    Staff monitoring passengers' body temperature in Wuhan railway station during the Wuhan coronavirus outbreak.jpg
    Passengers lining up in Wuhan railway station for their body temperature to be checked during the Wuhan coronavirus outbreak.jpg
    Top: Montage of various scenes in Wuhan during the outbreak
    Bottom Map Legend:
    •   Areas that have been or are being blocked due to the outbreak
        Areas not yet blocked but with more cases
    Date 23 January – 8 April 2020 (2 months, 2 weeks and 2 days; most of Hubei ended on 25 March 2020; Wuhan lockdown ended on 8 April 2020)
    Location
    Caused by COVID-19 pandemic
    Goals Quarantine the region of the COVID-19 outbreak
    Methods Suspension of all public transport, and control of movement in and out of the city
    Resulted in About 13 million quarantined in Wuhan;
    over 57 million in fifteen other cities
    COVID-19 lockdown in China is located in China
    COVID-19 lockdown in China
    Wuhan in Hubei province, China
    People in Wuhan rush to buy vegetables.

    On 23 January 2020, the central government of China imposed a lockdown in Wuhan and other cities in Hubei in an effort to quarantine the center of an outbreak of COVID-19; this action was commonly referred to as the Wuhan lockdown (Chinese: 武汉封城; pinyin: Wǔhàn fēng chéng). The World Health Organization (WHO), although stating that it was beyond its own guidelines, commended the move, calling it "unprecedented in public health history".

    The lockdown in Wuhan set the precedent for similar measures in other Chinese cities. Within hours of the Wuhan lockdown, travel restrictions were also imposed on the nearby cities of Huanggang and Ezhou, and were eventually imposed on all 15 other cities in Hubei, affecting a total of about 57 million people. On 2 February 2020, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, implemented a seven-day lockdown in which only one person per household was allowed to exit once each two days, and most of the highway exits were closed. On 13 March 2020, Huangshi and Qianjiang became the first Hubei cities to remove strict travel restrictions within part or all of their administrative confines. On 8 April 2020, the Wuhan lockdown officially ended. The lockdown, combined with other public health measures in early 2020, succeeded in suppressing virus transmission and averted a more widespread outbreak in China.

    Subsequent lockdowns were introduced in other regions of China in response to localised outbreaks during the two years following. The largest of these was Shanghai in early 2022.

    Some Western observers, such as Amnesty International, were initially skeptical of the lockdown; however, as the COVID-19 pandemic spread to other countries and territories, similar measures were enacted around the globe.

    A series of protests in mainland China against COVID-19 lockdowns began in November 2022.

    On 7 December 2022, China's National Health Commission in a 10-point announcement stipulated that negative COVID-19 tests would no longer be required, apart from vulnerable areas such as nurseries, elderly care facilities and schools.

    Background

    Wuhan is the capital of Hubei province in China. With a population of over 11 million, it is the largest city in Hubei, the most populous city in Central China, the seventh-most populous Chinese city, and one of the nine National Central Cities of China. Wuhan lies in the eastern Jianghan Plain, on the confluence of the Yangtze River and its largest tributary, the Han River. It is a major transportation hub, with dozens of railways, roads and expressways passing through the city and connecting to other major cities. Because of its key role in domestic transport, Wuhan is known as the "Nine Provinces' Thoroughfare" (九省通衢) and sometimes referred to as "the Chicago of China".

    2020 lockdowns

    Hubei

    The last train on the Wuhan Metro before the lockdown
    Map of locked down administrative divisions of Hubei

    In mid-December 2019 the Chinese Government acknowledged an emerging cluster of people, many linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, were infected with pneumonia with no clear causes. Chinese scientists subsequently linked the pneumonia to a new strain of coronavirus that was given the initial designation 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Some of the first symptoms appeared on 10 December, and 24 cases were later discovered to have connection to the seafood market.

    On 10 January 2020, the first death and 41 clinically confirmed infections caused by the coronavirus were reported.

    By 22 January, the novel coronavirus had spread to major cities and provinces in China, with 571 confirmed cases and 17 deaths reported. Confirmed cases were also reported in other regions and countries, including Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Thailand, Japan, South Korea, and the United States.

    According to Li Lanjuan, a professor at Zhejiang University's school of medicine and member of the high-level expert team convened by the National Health Commission, she had urged a lockdown on Wuhan on several occasions between 19 January and 22 January 2020 as a last resort to contain the epidemic.

    At 2 am on 23 January, authorities issued a notice informing residents of Wuhan that from 10 am, all public transport, including buses, railways, flights, and ferry services would be suspended. The Wuhan Airport, the Wuhan railway station, and the Wuhan Metro were all closed. The residents of Wuhan were also not allowed to leave the city without permission from the authorities. The notice caused an exodus from Wuhan. An estimated 300,000 people were reported to have left Wuhan by train alone before the 10 am lockdown. By the afternoon of 23 January, the authorities began shutting down some of the major highways leaving Wuhan. The lockdown came two days before the Chinese New Year, the most important festival in the country, and traditionally the peak traveling season, when millions of Chinese travel across the country.

    Following the lockdown of Wuhan, public transportation systems in two of Wuhan's neighboring prefecture-level cities, Huanggang and Ezhou, were also placed on lockdown. A total of 12 other county to prefecture-level cities in Hubei, including Huangshi, Jingzhou, Yichang, Xiaogan, Jingmen, Suizhou, Xianning, Qianjiang, Xiantao, Shiyan, Tianmen and Enshi, were placed on traveling restrictions by the end of 24 January, bringing the number of people affected by the restriction to more than 50 million.

    Lockdown timeline

    • 23 January, transport in Wuhan, Huanggang and Ezhou severely restricted, including closure of public transit, trains, airports, and major highways
    • 24 January, travel restrictions enacted in 12 additional prefecture-level cities in Hubei
    • 13 February, the Chinese government has issued extension of order to shut down all non-essential companies, including manufacturing plants, in Hubei Province until at least 24:00 20 February.
    • 20 February, the Chinese government has issued extension of order to shut down all non-essential companies, including manufacturing plants, and all schools in Hubei Province until at least 24:00 10 March.
    • 13 March: Huangshi removes controls and permits on road traffic within its urban area;Qianjiang does the same for its entire administrative area.
    • 14 March: Hubei Sanitation and Health Committee (卫生健康委员会) Vice-chairperson Liu Dongru (柳东如) announces that only Wuhan remains a "high-risk area", and that the entirety of the rest of the province is considered medium- or "low-risk areas". Any low-risk township-level divisions, in addition to those medium- and high-risk divisions with no confirmed active cases, could lift their blockades and other mobility controls. Per China News Service reporting, by 14 March, besides the aforementioned Huangshi and Qianjiang, Yichang, Huanggang, Suizhou, Xiantao, Jingzhou, Jingmen, Shiyan, Xiangyang, Tianmen and Shennongjia had announced "measures to lessen controls" and for industries to incrementally resume work and production.
    • 17 March: Jingzhou removes its permit requirements for transport, resuming normal transport operations, and also removes entry/exit controls on xiaoqu.
    • 18 March: The Hubei taskforce to control COVID-19 (湖北省新冠肺炎疫情防控指挥部) announces that, with the exception of exit/entry into Wuhan and the province as a whole, all anti-COVID-19 traffic checkpoints within the province are to be removed.
    • 22 March: Wuhan loosens its two-month lockdown.
    • 25 March: Hubei lifts the lockdown outside of Wuhan, although people will still need to confirm their "Green Code" health classification, designated by Alipay's monitoring system, to travel.
    • 8 April: Wuhan lifts its lockdown, resumes all transportation, with residents intending to leave the city facing similar "Green Code" requirements as those in the rest of the province.


    Place Province Start date End date City level Population Cases Deaths Recoveries Active
    Wuhan Hubei 2020-01-23 2020-04-08 Sub-provincial 11,081,000 50,340 3,869 46,471 0
    Xiaogan Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25 Prefectural 4,920,000 3,518 129 3,389 0
    Huanggang Hubei 2020-01-23 2020-03-25 Prefectural 6,330,000 2,907 125 2,782 0
    Jingzhou Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-17 Prefectural 5,590,200 1,580 52 1,528 0
    Ezhou Hubei 2020-01-23 2020-03-25 Prefectural 1,077,700 1,394 59 1,335 0
    Suizhou Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25 Prefectural 2,216,700 1,307 45 1,262 0
    Xiangyang Hubei 2020-01-28 2020-03-25 Prefectural 5,669,000 1,175 40 1,135 0
    Huangshi Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-13 Prefectural 2,470,700 1,015 39 976 0
    Yichang Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25 Prefectural 4,135,850 931 37 894 0
    Jingmen Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25 Prefectural 2,896,500 928 41 887 0
    Xianning Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25 Prefectural 2,543,300 836 15 821 0
    Shiyan Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25 Prefectural 3,406,000 672 8 664 0
    Xiantao Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25 Sub-prefectural 1,140,500 575 22 553 0
    Tianmen Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25 Sub-prefectural 1,272,300 496 15 481 0
    Enshi Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25 Prefectural 3,378,000 252 7 245 0
    Qianjiang Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-13 Sub-prefectural 966,000 198 9 189 0
    Shennongjia Hubei 2020-01-27 2020-03-25 Sub-prefectural 78,912 11 0 11 0
    Wenzhou Zhejiang 2020-02-02 2020-02-20 Prefectural 9,190,000 507 1 503 3
    Ürümqi Xinjiang 2020-07-18 2020-08-26 Prefectural 3,519,600 845 0 845 0
    Shijiazhuang Hebei 2021-01-07 2021-01-31 Prefectural 11,031,200 977 1 962 14
    Xi'an Shaanxi 2021-12-22 2022-01-16 Sub-provincial 8,467,838 2265 3 2185 77
    Yuzhou Henan 2022-01-04 2022-01-31 County 1,167,000 - - - -
    Anyang Henan 2022-01-10 2022-02-03 Prefectural 5,477,614 522 0 522 0
    Shenzhen Guangdong 2022-03-14 2022-03-21 Sub-provincial 17,560,000 982 3 428 551
    Shanghai Shanghai 2022-04-01 2022-06-01 Direct-administered municipality 24,870,895
    Lockdown total 101,602,895 68,135 4,512 63,623 0
    Outbreak ongoing: Infection and fatality data as of 24:00 (UTC+8) 4 June 2020. Totals will evolve.


    Elsewhere in China

    Lockdowns by outdoor restrictions

    On 1 February in Huanggang, Hubei implemented a measure whereby only one person from each household is permitted to go outside for provisions once every two days, except for medical reasons or to work at shops or pharmacies. Many cities, districts, and counties across mainland China implemented similar measures in the days following, including Wenzhou, Hangzhou, Fuzhou, Harbin, and the whole of Jiangxi.

    Chinese administrative divisions with household-based outdoor restrictions
    Administrative
    division
    Division
    Level
    Provincial
    division
    Start date End date Ordinary
    population
    Population
    year
    Notes Sources
    Huanggang Prefectural Hubei 2020-02-01 2020-03-22 6,162,069 2010
    Wenzhou Prefectural Zhejiang 2020-02-02 2020-02-08 9,190,000 2017
    Wenling Prefectural Zhejiang 2020-02-02 1,366,800 2010
    Fangchenggang Prefectural Guangxi 2020-02-02 2020-02-08 860,100 2010
    Guigang Prefectural Guangxi 2020-02-02 1,562,200
    (Urban only)
    2010 Urban districts only
    Yuzhou, Yulin District Guangxi 2020-02-02 2020-02-09 900,000 2010
    Zhouzhi, Xi'an County Shaanxi 2020-02-02 562,768 2010 One person per household every day
    Huyi, Xi'an District Shaanxi 2020-02-03 2020-02-09 556,377 2010 One person per household every day
    Bengbu Prefectural Anhui 2020-02-03 3,164,467 2010
    Huaibei Prefectural Anhui 2020-02-03 2,114,276 2010
    Bincheng,
    Binzhou
    District Shandong 2020-02-03 2020-02-09 682,717 2010
    Taizhou Prefectural Zhejiang 2020-02-03 5,968,838 2010
    Hangzhou Prefectural Zhejiang 2020-02-04 9,806,000 2017
    Ezhou Prefectural Hubei 2020-02-04 1,048,668 2010
    Fuzhou Prefectural Fujian 2020-02-04 7,660,000 2017
    Xuzhou Prefectural Jiangsu 2020-02-04 2020-02-08 8,577,225 2010
    Jingdezhen Prefectural Jiangxi 2020-02-04 2020-03-31 1,655,000 2015
    Harbin Prefectural Heilongjiang 2020-02-04 10,635,971 2010
    Yicheng,
    Zhumadian
    District Henan 2020-02-04 721,723 2010 One person per household every five days
    Xincheng, Xi'an District Shaanxi 2020-02-04 589,739 2010
    Chang'an, Xi'an District Shaanxi 2020-02-04 1,083,285 2010
    Yanta, Xi'an District Shaanxi 2020-02-05 1,178,529 2010
    Lianhu, Xi'an District Shaanxi 2020-02-05 712,300 2015
    Ningbo Prefectural Zhejiang 2020-02-05 8,202,000 2018
    Hailing, Taizhou District Jiangsu 2020-02-05 594,656 2010
    Hefei Prefectural Anhui 2020-02-05 7,965,300 2017
    Fuyang Prefectural Anhui 2020-02-05 2020-02-08 7,599,913 2010
    Benxi Prefectural Liaoning 2020-02-05 1,709,538 2017
    Ngawa Autonomous
    Prefecture
    Sichuan 2020-02-05 930,100 2015
    Garzê Autonomous
    Prefecture
    Sichuan 2020-02-05 1,164,900 2015
    Liuzhou Prefectural Guangxi 2020-02-05 3,758,700 2010
    Guilin Prefectural Guangxi 2020-02-05 4,961,600 2015
    Jinchengjiang,
    Hechi
    District Guangxi 2020-02-05 330,131 2010 One person per household every day
    Jiangxi Province 2020-02-06 2020-03-31 45,200,000 2013
    Xianyang Prefectural Shaanxi 2020-02-06 5,096,001 2010
    Jinzhou Prefectural Liaoning 2020-02-06 3,070,000 2010
    Kuancheng,
    Changchun
    District Jilin 2020-02-06 680,631 2010
    Tangshan Prefectural Hebei 2020-02-07 7,935,800 2018
    Baodi, Tianjin District Tianjin 2020-02-09 799,057 2010
    Hubei Province 2020-02-16 2020-03-13
    ~2020-04-08
    59,020,000 2018
    Suifenhe County Heilongjiang 2020-04-08 69,607 2018 One person per household every three days
    All 233,511,355 Sum of census data and population estimates above
    Closed management in Jintan District, Changzhou, Jiangsu, where citizens are allowed outside for purchasing once every two days with permit.
    Some areas took road closure measures to avoid the spread of COVID-19. Pictured is a road closure notice on Tianhe Road, Yucheng Neibourhood, Yuhuan, Zhejiang.
    A slogan for road closure in Lyushunkou District, Dalian, Liaoning.
    Residents in Wuhan had to buy daily necessities and food across the fence gate due to their community lockdown.

    Closed management of communities

    Many areas across China have implemented what is called "closed management" (Chinese: 封闭式管理; pinyin: fēngbìshì guǎnlǐ) on a community-basis. In most of the areas where this came into effect, villages, communities, and units in most areas would only keep one entrance and exit point open, and each household is allowed limited numbers of entrances and exits. In some places, night-time access is prohibited, effectively a curfew, and in extreme cases, access is prohibited throughout the day. People entering and leaving are required to wear masks and receive temperature tests. In some areas, vouchers are issued to the public, with vouchers and valid credentials. There are also areas where people are allowed to declare on WeChat mini-programs or public accounts and some apps at the same time. Courier and food delivery personnel are usually prohibited from entering. Control in communities with confirmed cases is more stringent.

    List by the time of official announcement:

    Closed management of communities in Mainland China during the COVID-19 outbreak
    Start Date End
    Date
    Place Province City level Sources and Notes
    2020-01-31 2020-03-25 Wanzhou Chongqing county
    2020-03-25 Liangping county
    April 2020 Wuzhong City Ningxia prefecture
    Yinchuan City prefecture
    2020-02-02 2020-02-19 Wenzhou City Zhejiang prefecture
    2020-02-03 2020-04-10 Huai'an City Jiangsu prefecture
    Jiangyin City county
    2020-02-04 Hangzhou City Zhejiang Sub-provincial
    Ningbo City prefecture
    Zhengzhou City Henan Sub-provincial
    Zhumadian City prefecture
    Linyi City Shandong prefecture
    Harbin City Heilongjiang Sub-provincial
    Nanjing City Jiangsu Sub-provincial
    Xuzhou City prefecture until 24:00 on 8 February
    Changzhou City prefecture
    Nantong City prefecture
    Zhenjiang City prefecture
    Jiangyan District county
    Fuzhou City Fujian Sub-provincial
    Jingdezhen City Jiangxi prefecture
    2020-02-05 Haikou City Hainan prefecture
    Sanya City prefecture
    Kunming City Yunnan Sub-provincial
    Qingdao City Shandong prefecture
    Jinan City Sub-provincial
    Tai'an City prefecture
    Rizhao City prefecture
    Nanchang City Jiangxi Sub-provincial
    2020-03-18 Hefei City Anhui Sub-provincial
    Nanning City Guangxi Sub-provincial
    Shijiazhuang City Hebei Sub-provincial
    Yangzhou City Jiangsu prefecture
    Taizhou City prefecture
    Suqian City prefecture
    Buning County County
    2020-02-06 Liaoning
    Jiangxi
    Jilin City Jilin
    2020-03-18 Ma'anshan City Anhui prefecture
    Zhuhai City Guangdong prefecture
    Ya'an City Sichuan prefecture
    Neijiang City prefecture
    Suzhou City Jiangsu prefecture
    2020-02-07 Hubei Community closed management further added on 10 February
    2020-03-18 Anhui
    Tianjin
    Guangzhou City Guangdong Sub-provincial
    Shenzhen City prefecture
    Lanzhou City Gansu Sub-provincial
    Chengdu City Sichuan Sub-provincial
    Suining City prefecture
    Guangyuan City prefecture
    Guiyang City Guizhou Sub-provincial
    Zunyi City prefecture
    Tangshan City Hebei prefecture
    Lianyungang City Jiangsu prefecture
    Jiangjin District Chongqing county
    2020-02-08   Chongqing
    Ziyang City Sichuan prefecture
    Foshan City Guangdong prefecture
    2020-02-09 Deyang City Sichuan prefecture
    Mianyang City prefecture
    Huizhou City Guangdong prefecture
    Dongguan City prefecture
    Hanzhong City Shaanxi prefecture
    Wuxi City Jiangsu prefecture
    2020-02-10 Beijing
    Shanghai
    2020-02-12   Neimenggu
    2020-03-31 Jia County Henan County
    2020-04-08   Suifenhe City Heilongjiang prefecture
    14 March 2022   Shenzhen City Guangdong prefecture

    Impacts and reactions

    The exodus from Wuhan before the lockdown resulted in angry responses on the Chinese microblogging website Sina Weibo from residents in other cities who were concerned that it could result in spreading of the novel coronavirus to their cities. Some in Wuhan were concerned with the availability of provisions and especially medical supplies during the lockdown.

    The World Health Organization called the Wuhan lockdown "unprecedented" and said it showed "how committed the authorities are to contain a viral breakout". However, WHO clarified that the move was not a recommendation that WHO had made and authorities have to wait and see how effective it is. The WHO separately stated that the possibility of locking down an entire city in this way was "new to science".

    The CSI 300 Index, an aggregate measure of the top 300 stocks in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges, dropped almost 3% on 23 January 2020, the biggest single-day loss in almost 9 months, after the Wuhan lockdown was announced as investors reacting to the drastic measure sought safe haven for their investments.

    The unprecedented scale of this lockdown generated controversy, and at least one expert criticized this measure as "risky business" that "could very easily backfire" by forcing otherwise healthy people in Wuhan to stay in close conditions with infected people. Drawing a cordon sanitaire around a city of 11 million people raises ethical concerns. It also drew comparisons to the lockdown of the poor West Point neighbourhood in Liberia during the 2014 ebola outbreak, which was lifted after ten days.

    The lockdown caused panic in the city of Wuhan, and many expressed concern about the city's ability to cope with the outbreak. At the time, some experts questioned whether the large costs of such a vast lockdown, both financially and in terms of personal liberty, would translate to effective infection control. Medical historian Howard Markel argued that the Chinese government "may now be overreacting, imposing an unjustifiable burden on the population," and said that "incremental restrictions, enforced steadily and transparently, tend to work far better than draconian measures." Others, such as Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, defended the intent behind the lockdowns, saying that they have bought the world a "delay to essentially prepare better." Mathematical epidemiologist Gerardo Chowell of Georgia State University stated that based on mathematical modelling, "containment strategies implemented in China are successfully reducing transmission."

    However, as the global COVID-19 pandemic worsened, similar lockdown measures were enacted around the world. After northern Italy became a new hotspot of the outbreak in late February, the Italian government has enacted what has been called a "Wuhan-style lockdown," by quarantining nearly a dozen towns of 50,000 people in the provinces of Lombardy and Veneto. Iran, another developing hotspot for the coronavirus as of 25 February, has come under calls to assume similar lockdown procedures as China and Italy. Security experts such as Gal Luft of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security in Washington, have said that "The best way for Iran to deal with the disease is to do precisely what China has done – quarantine." and that "If Wuhan with its 11 million population can be under quarantine, so can Tehran with its 8 million"

    By late 2020, public health experts estimated that the Wuhan lockdown prevented between 500,000 and 3 million infections and between 18,000 and 70,000 deaths. A November 2021 study examining data from the first half of 2020 estimated that over 347,000 deaths may have been prevented in China by COVID-19 prevention measures from 1 January 2020, to 31 July 2020. The estimate does not solely include deaths that would have occurred due to COVID-19. It includes deaths that were inadvertently prevented, such as from traffic collisions or air pollution.

    See also


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