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| Human rights in North Korea |
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| Kippumjo | |
| Chosŏn'gŭl | |
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| Hancha | 기쁨組 |
| Revised Romanization | Gippeumjo |
| McCune–Reischauer | Kippŭmjo |
The Kippumjo or Gippeumjo (translated variously as Pleasure Group, Pleasure Groups, Pleasure Squad, or Pleasure Brigade) is a collection of groups of approximately 2,000 women and girls reportedly maintained by the leader of North Korea for the purpose of providing entertainment, including that of a sexual nature, for high-ranking Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) officials and their families, as well as, occasionally, distinguished guests.
Little is known outside North Korea about the Kippumjo, and most reports are based on the accounts of North Koreans who have defected, particularly Mi-Hyang, who told the magazine Marie Claire in 2010 that she had been a Kippumjo member, and Kenji Fujimoto, who says he was a chef to Kim Jong Il.
Etymology
The first two syllables of the name, kippum, is a native Korean word meaning joy or happiness. The suffix jo (組) is a Sino-Korean word which describes a group of people, roughly analogous to the terms "squad" or "team".
Bradley K Martin's 2004 book Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader is based on a combination of visits to North Korea, research and interviews with defectors carried out in the early 1990s. Martin writes that Kim Il Sung was not just interested in pleasure, but also in rejuvenating himself through absorbing a young virgin's ki, or life-force, during sex. He believed that having sexual relations with young women would increase his jing and have the effect of enhancing his life force, or gi (Chosŏn'gŭl: 기; Hanja: 氣)
History
Kim Il-sung
According to Fox News, the Kippumjo have existed since the administration of North Korea's first leader, Kim Il Sung. The first group was recruited in 1978 by Ri Dong-ho, the First Vice Director of the United Front Department of the Workers' Party of Korea, for the purpose of entertaining Kim at the Munsu Chodaeso (문수 초대소; Munsu Guesthouse).
Kim Jong-il
There were rumours that Kim Il Sung's son and successor, Kim Jong Il, also maintained a Kippumjo, according to an unnamed North Korean defector reported in the online newspaper Daily NK in 2013. The group that used to perform for Kim Jong Il was disbanded shortly after his death in December 2011, according to the South Korean newspaper The Chosun Ilbo in April 2015. The newspaper said that members of Kim Jong Il's Kippumjo were made to sign a pledge of secrecy in exchange for money and gifts. According to the paper, the women who worked as entertainers received an amount of money worth up to $4,000 before returning to their hometowns. The members of the squad were also said to have received compensation in the form of home appliances.
Kim Jong-un
In 2015, Kim Jong Un, the son and successor to Kim Jong Il, was said to be seeking new members for his own Kippumjo after his father's group of women had been disbanded, according to the Chosun Ilbo. The story also appeared in Britain's Daily Telegraph newspaper. The recruiting and training of Kippumjo in 2015 was administered by the Fifth Department of Staff of the Organic Direction of the Party (called 오과 Ogwa).
Structure
According to the British journalist Jasper Becker writing for the Asia Times in 2003, a former bodyguard has said that each pleasure group was composed of three teams:
- Manjokjo (Chosŏn'gŭl: 만족조; Hancha: 滿足組) – a satisfaction team (which provides sexual services)
- Haengbokjo (Chosŏn'gŭl: 행복조; Hancha: 幸福組) – a happiness team (which provides massages)
- Gamujo (Chosŏn'gŭl: 가무조; Hancha: 歌舞組) – a dancing and singing team
Kippumjo is briefly discussed in the 2009 book Nothing to Envy by US journalist Barbara Demick. The book is based on interviews with North Korean defectors. According to Demick, girls from throughout the country were recruited to be Kippumjo members according to government criteria.Suki Kim, a Korean American journalist who has lived undercover in North Korea, wrote in 2014 that one of the criteria was that they had to be virgins. In Bradley K Martin's 2004 book he says that schools recommended suitable teenage girls to recruiters, with their parents receiving enhanced status and money. Once recruited, members of the Kippumjo underwent extensive training, sometimes abroad, according to Mi-Hyang.
Martin adds that women retired from Kippumjo at 22 and married members of the country's elite. In the 2014 memoir of defector Jang Jin-sung, Dear Leader: Poet, Spy, Escapee – A Look Inside North Korea, Jang writes of the Kippumjo during the time of Kim Jong Il's rule that: "Most of them go into arranged marriages with personal guards or senior cadres cleared to work in foreign affairs. Some even go on to become cadres themselves." Britain's Daily Telegraph newspaper reported in 2015 that many Kippumjo members were retired in their 20s and married military officers who were seeking wives.
See also
- Sexual slavery
- Human trafficking in North Korea
- Prostitution in North Korea
- Gungnyeo
- Kisaeng
- Comfort women
- Martin, Bradley K. (2004). Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty. New York, New York, United States: Thomas Dunne Books. Hardcover: ISBN 978-0-312-32221-2; Paperback: ISBN 978-0-312-32322-6.
External links
- Firoze H. (10 October 2006). "The Dear Leader Unmasked". gather.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011.