List of microbiologists

Major contributions to the science of microbiology (as a discipline in its modern sense) have spanned the time from the mid-17th century month by month to the present day. The following is a list of notable microbiologists who have made significant contributions to the study of microorganisms. Many of those listed have received a Nobel prize for their contributions to the field of microbiology. The others are typically considered historical figures whose work in microbiology had a notable impact in the field. Those microbiologists who currently work in the field have been excluded unless they have received recognition beyond that of being on the faculty in a college or university.

Proto-microbiologists

• Marcus Terentius Varro
• Avicenna
• Girolamo Fracastoro
• Marcello Malpighi
• Athanasius Kircher
• Jan Swammerdam
• Robert Hooke

Microbiologists

Birth - Death	Microbiologist		Nationality	Contribution summary
1632–1723		Antonie van Leeuwenhoek	Dutch	Considered to be the first acknowledged microscopist. Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe microscopic organisms, using simple single-lensed microscopes of his own design.	Lazzaro Spallanzani	Italian	Proved that bacteria did not arise due to spontaneous generation by developing a sealed, sterile broth medium.
1749–1823		Edward Jenner	English	Developed vaccination techniques against smallpox.
1818–1865		Ignaz Semmelweis	Hungarian	Demonstrated that doctors washing their hands with chlorine solution significantly reduced mortality of women giving birth in hospital setting.
1853–1938		Hans Christian Gram	Danish	Developed the Gram stain used to identify and classify bacteria.
1845–1922		Charles Lavaran	French	1907 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the causative agents of malaria and trypanosomiasis.
1827–1912		Joseph Lister	English	Introduced sterilisation techniques to surgery.
1822–1895		Louis Pasteur	French	Seminal discoveries in vaccination, food safety, and microbial fermentation. A key proponent of the germ theory of disease.
1850–1934		Fanny Hesse	German	Developed agar for use in culturing bacteria.
1851–1931		Martinus Beijerinck	Netherlands	Discovered the first virus as well as bacterial nitrogen fixation and sulfate reduction.
1885–1948		Marjory Stephenson	British	Pioneer of bacterial metabolism.
1871–1957		Kiyoshi Shiga	Japanese	Discovered a bacterium causing an outbreak of dysentery.
1856-1953		Sergei Winogradsky	Ukrainian	Discovered the first known forms of chemoautotrophy, in particular lithotrophy and chemosynthesis. Invented the Winogradsky column technique for the study of sediment microbes. Pioneered the study of biogeochemical cycles, particularly the nitrogen cycle and the contribution of nitrifying bacteria.
1854–1917		Emil Adolf von Behring	German	1901 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for discovering diphtheria antitoxin.
1857–1932		Sir Ronald Ross	British	1902 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering that malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes
1843–1910		Robert Koch	German	1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work on tuberculosis; identified causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax.
1845–1922		Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran	French	1907 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for recognizing parasitic protozoa as the causes of malaria and African sleeping sickness.
1857–1940		Julius Wagner-Jauregg	Austrian	1927 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the neurosyphilis could be treated by inducing fever with malaria parasites.
1866–1936		Charles Jules Henri Nicolle	French	1928 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for determining that typhus is transmitted by body lice.
1895–1964		Gerhard Domagk	German	1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovering the first commercially available antibiotic: prontosil.
1881–1955		Sir Alexander Fleming	Scottish	1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering penicillin.
1906–1979		Sir Ernst Boris Chain	British
1898–1968		Howard Walter Florey	Australian
1899–1972		Max Theiler	South African	1951 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for developing a vaccine against yellow fever.
1888–1973		Selman Abraham Waksman	American	1952 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for identifying streptomycin and other antibiotics.

Living

• Ilan Chet (born 1939), Israeli microbiologist, professor, and President of the Weizmann Institute of Science
• Pauline Johnson, immunologist
• Rita R. Colwell, American environmental microbiologist who studied the ecology of cholera, former director of the National Science Foundation and president of the American Society for Microbiology
• Wayne Nicholson, American biologist based on microbiology and cell biology