Мы используем файлы cookie.
Продолжая использовать сайт, вы даете свое согласие на работу с этими файлами.
Antiparasitic
Malathion
Другие языки:

Malathion

Подписчиков: 0, рейтинг: 0
Malathion
Skeletal formula of malathion
3D representation of malathion
Space filling model of malathion, showing van der Waals radii for each atom
Names
IUPAC name
Diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]butanedioate
Other names
2-(Dimethoxyphosphinothioylthio) butanedioic acid diethyl ester
Malathion
Carbofos
Maldison
Mercaptothion
Ortho malathion
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
ECHA InfoCard 100.004.089
KEGG
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C10H19O6PS2/c1-5-15-9(11)7-8(10(12)16-6-2)19-17(18,13-3)14-4/h8H,5-7H2,1-4H3 checkY
    Key: JXSJBGJIGXNWCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C10H19O6PS2/c1-5-15-9(11)7-8(10(12)16-6-2)19-17(18,13-3)14-4/h8H,5-7H2,1-4H3
    Key: JXSJBGJIGXNWCI-UHFFFAOYAK
  • O=C(OCC)C(SP(=S)(OC)OC)CC(=O)OCC
Properties
C10H19O6PS2
Molar mass 330.358021
Appearance Clear colorless liquid
Density 1.23 g/cm3
Melting point 2.9 °C (37.2 °F; 276.0 K)
Boiling point 156 to 157 °C (313 to 315 °F; 429 to 430 K) at 0.7 mmHg
145 mg/L at 20 °C
Solubility Soluble in ethanol and acetone; very soluble in ethyl ether
log P 2.36 (octanol/water)
Pharmacology
P03AX03 (WHO) QP53AF12 (WHO)
Hazards
Flash point 163 °C; 325 °F; 436 K (greater than)
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
290 mg/kg (rat, oral)
190 mg/kg (mouse, oral)
570 mg/kg (guinea pig, oral)
84.6 mg/m3 (rat, 4 hr)
10 mg/m3 (cat, 4 hr)
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 TWA 15 mg/m3 [skin]
REL (Recommended)
 TWA 10 mg/m3 [skin]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 250 mg/m3
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide which acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. In the USSR, it was known as carbophos, in New Zealand and Australia as maldison and in South Africa as mercaptothion.

Pesticide use

Malathion is a pesticide that is widely used in agriculture, residential landscaping, public recreation areas, and in public health pest control programs such as mosquito eradication. In the US, it is the most commonly used organophosphate insecticide.

A malathion mixture with corn syrup was used in the 1980s in Australia and California to combat the Mediterranean fruit fly. In Canada and the US starting in the early 2000s, malathion was sprayed in many cities to combat west Nile virus. Malathion was used over the last couple of decades on a regular basis during summer months to kill mosquitoes, but homeowners were allowed an exemption for their properties if they chose..

Mechanism of action

Malathion is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, a diverse family of chemicals. Upon uptake into the target organism, it binds irreversibly to the serine residue in the active catalytic site of the cholinesterase enzyme. The resultant phosphoester group is strongly bound to the cholinesterase, and irreversibly deactivates the enzyme which leads to rapid build-up of acetylcholine at the synapse.

Production method

Malathion is produced by the addition of dimethyl dithiophosphoric acid to diethyl maleate or diethyl fumarate. The compound is chiral but is used as a racemate.

Medical use

Malathion in low doses (0.5% preparations) is used as a treatment for:

  • Head lice and body lice. Malathion is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of pediculosis. It is claimed to effectively kill both the eggs and the adult lice, but in fact has been shown in UK studies to be only 36% effective on head lice, and less so on their eggs. This low efficiency was noted when malathion was applied to lice found on schoolchildren in the Bristol area in the UK, and it is assumed to be caused by the lice having developed resistance against malathion.
  • Scabies

Preparations include Derbac-M, Prioderm, Quellada-M and Ovide.

Safety

General

Malathion is of low toxicity. In arthropods it is metabolized into malaoxon which is 61x more toxic, being a more potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase.According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, no reliable information is available on adverse health effects of chronic exposure. In 1981, Malathion was sprayed over a 1,400 sq mi (3,600 km2) area to control an outbreak of Mediterranean fruit flies in California. In order to demonstrate the chemical's safety, B. T. Collins, director of the California Conservation Corps, publicly swallowed a mouthful of dilute malathion solution.

Carcinogenicity

Malathion is classified by the IARC as probable carcinogen (group 2A). Malathion is classified by US EPA as having "suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity". This classification was based on the occurrence of liver tumors at excessive doses in mice and female rats and the presence of rare oral and nasal tumors in rats that occurred following exposure to very large doses. Exposure to organophosphates is associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Malathion used as a fumigant was not associated with increased cancer risk. Between 1993 and 1997, as part of the Agricultural Health Study, no clear association between malathion exposure and cancer was reported.

Amphibians

Malathion is toxic to leopard frog tadpoles.

Resistance

Because it is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, this resistance is a type of AChEI resistance. Malathion resistance is thought to always be due to either increased carboxylesterase concentrations or altered acetylcholinesterases. COE because it metabolizes malathion but into non-malaoxon products, altered AChEs because we mean specifically those altered to be less sensitive to malathion and malaoxon.

See also

External links


Новое сообщение