Portuguese pavement, known in Portuguese as calçada portuguesa or simply calçada is a traditional-style pavement used for many pedestrian areas in Portugal. It consists of small flat pieces of stones arranged in a pattern or image, like a mosaic. It can also be found in Olivença (a disputed territory administered by Spain) and throughout former Portuguese colonies. Portuguese workers are also hired for their skill in creating these pavements in places such as Gibraltar. Being usually used in sidewalks, it is in town squares and atriums that this art finds its deepest expression.
One of the most distinctive uses of this paving technique is the image of Saint-Queen Elizabeth of Portugal, (Santa Rainha Isabel) in Coimbra, designed with black and white stones of basalt and limestone.
Origins
- irregular pavements, thought to be the oldest style
- crushed pavement, similar but with more spaces between the stones
- classic style, with one primary diagonal and one secondary, both at 45 degrees to the adjoining kerb and/or wall.
- linear pavement, with stones aligned in parallel files
- circular pavement
- hexagonal pavement
- artistic pavement, with specific forms and/or highly contrasting stones
- large wavy pattern
- segmented fans
- florentine fans
- peacock tails
- less regular peacock tails
Paving as a craft is believed to have originated in Mesopotamia, where rocky materials were used in the inside and outside of constructions, being later brought to Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.
The Romans used to pave the vias connecting the empire using materials to be found in the surroundings. Some of the Roman techniques introduced then are still applied on the calçada, most noticeably the use of a foundation and a surfacing.
Future
Very little new paving of this type is done, and the entire profession is at risk. The long hours and low wages typical of calceteiros have reduced apprenticeships and thus new pavers. Furthermore, as the pavement is less safe (provides less traction when wet; loose stones can become tripping hazards), costs more (especially with the difficulty of obtaining appropriate stones), and wears quicker than concrete or asphalt, there is also dropping interest in investment and construction in it. Although there were once hundreds of calceteiros, most modern work is on conservation or major architectural projects.
While São Paulo is currently replacing the Portuguese pavement sidewalks of Paulista Avenue with a cheaper type of pavement, other Brazilian cities such as Rio de Janeiro still have nearly ubiquitous Portuguese pavement, particularly in more affluent areas. It can also be found around the building of Asunción Super Centro, Asunción, Paraguay.
Setting the stones
Craftsmen lay a bedding of gravel upon a well-compacted trench of argillaceous materials, which accommodates the tessera stones, acting as a cement.
1. Preparation of stones
2. Manual placement
3. Cement mix spread on the pavement
4. Final product
Calçada as a form of art
Stars in Lisbon
Portuguese pavement in Copacabana Beach, Rio de Janeiro
In Lisbon
Restauradores Square, Lisbon
Póvoa de Varzim's runes in Praça do Almada
The Senado Square's distinctive tiled pattern in Macau
Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Graça, Praia, Cape Verde
Compass rose depicted in São Jorge, Azores
Portuguese pavement near Pavilhão Atlântico at Parque das Nações, Lisbon, Portugal
Portuguese Centennial Park, Hayward, United States
Plaza de España, Olivença
Pavement on the Rossio Square (Praça do Rossio), Lisbon
Pavement in Ocean Village Gibraltar
Bom Jesus, Braga, Portugal
A transistor symbol at the University of Aveiro
A sidewalk in Portugal
Portuguese pavement incorporating pavement lights
See also
External links
- Paving in Portuguese, urbanphoto.net
- Portuguese pavement and its histories (Portuguese language)
- The Portuguese Pavements Handbook (10 MB), Direccção Nacional de Energia e Geologia (Portuguese/English)
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