Продолжая использовать сайт, вы даете свое согласие на работу с этими файлами.
Thallium-201
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Tl) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Thallium (81Tl) has 41 isotopes with atomic masses that range from 176 to 216. 203Tl and 205Tl are the only stable isotopes and 204Tl is the most stable radioisotope with a half-life of 3.78 years. 207Tl, with a half-life of 4.77 minutes, has the longest half-life of naturally occurring Tl radioisotopes. All isotopes of thallium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.
Thallium-202 (half-life 12.23 days) can be made in a cyclotron while thallium-204 (half-life 3.78 years) is made by the neutron activation of stable thallium in a nuclear reactor.
In the fully ionized state, the isotope 205Tl becomes beta-radioactive, decaying to 205Pb, but 203Tl remains stable.
205Tl is the decay product of bismuth-209, an isotope that was once thought to be stable but is now known to undergo alpha decay with an extremely long half-life of 2.01×1019 y.205Tl is at the end of the neptunium series decay chain.
List of isotopes
Nuclide |
Historic name |
Z | N |
Isotopic mass (Da) |
Half-life |
Decay mode |
Daughter isotope |
Spin and parity |
Natural abundance (mole fraction) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitation energy | Normal proportion | Range of variation | |||||||||||||||||
176Tl | 81 | 95 | 176.00059(21)# | 5.2(+30−14) ms | (3−, 4−, 5−) | ||||||||||||||
177Tl | 81 | 96 | 176.996427(27) | 18(5) ms | p | 176Hg | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||
α (rare) | 173Au | ||||||||||||||||||
177mTl | 807(18) keV | 230(40) μs | p | 176Hg | (11/2−) | ||||||||||||||
α | 173Au | ||||||||||||||||||
178Tl | 81 | 97 | 177.99490(12)# | 255(10) ms | α | 174Au | |||||||||||||
p (rare) | 177Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
179Tl | 81 | 98 | 178.99109(5) | 270(30) ms | α | 175Au | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||
p (rare) | 178Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
179mTl | 860(30)# keV | 1.60(16) ms | α | 175Au | (9/2−) | ||||||||||||||
IT (rare) | 179Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
180Tl | 81 | 99 | 179.98991(13)# | 1.5(2) s | α (75%) | 176Au | |||||||||||||
β+ (25%) | 180Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
EC, fission (10−4%) | 100Ru, 80Kr | ||||||||||||||||||
181Tl | 81 | 100 | 180.986257(10) | 3.2(3) s | α | 177Au | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||
β+ | 181Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
181mTl | 857(29) keV | 1.7(4) ms | α | 177Au | 9/2−# | ||||||||||||||
β+ | 181Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
182Tl | 81 | 101 | 181.98567(8) | 2.0(3) s | β+ (96%) | 182Hg | 2−# | ||||||||||||
α (4%) | 178Au | ||||||||||||||||||
182m1Tl | 100(100)# keV | 2.9(5) s | α | 178Au | (7+) | ||||||||||||||
β+ (rare) | 182Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
182m2Tl | 600(140)# keV | 10− | |||||||||||||||||
183Tl | 81 | 102 | 182.982193(10) | 6.9(7) s | β+ (98%) | 183Hg | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||
α (2%) | 179Au | ||||||||||||||||||
183m1Tl | 630(17) keV | 53.3(3) ms | IT (99.99%) | 183Tl | 9/2−# | ||||||||||||||
α (.01%) | 179Au | ||||||||||||||||||
183m2Tl | 976.8(3) keV | 1.48(10) μs | (13/2+) | ||||||||||||||||
184Tl | 81 | 103 | 183.98187(5) | 9.7(6) s | β+ | 184Hg | 2−# | ||||||||||||
184m1Tl | 100(100)# keV | 10# s | β+ (97.9%) | 184Hg | 7+# | ||||||||||||||
α (2.1%) | 180Au | ||||||||||||||||||
184m2Tl | 500(140)# keV | 47.1 ms | IT (99.911%) | (10−) | |||||||||||||||
α (.089%) | 180Au | ||||||||||||||||||
185Tl | 81 | 104 | 184.97879(6) | 19.5(5) s | α | 181Au | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||
β+ | 185Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
185mTl | 452.8(20) keV | 1.93(8) s | IT (99.99%) | 185Tl | 9/2−# | ||||||||||||||
α (.01%) | 181Au | ||||||||||||||||||
β+ | 185Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
186Tl | 81 | 105 | 185.97833(20) | 40# s | β+ | 186Hg | (2−) | ||||||||||||
α (.006%) | 182Au | ||||||||||||||||||
186m1Tl | 320(180) keV | 27.5(10) s | β+ | 186Hg | (7+) | ||||||||||||||
186m2Tl | 690(180) keV | 2.9(2) s | (10−) | ||||||||||||||||
187Tl | 81 | 106 | 186.975906(9) | ~51 s | β+ | 187Hg | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||
α (rare) | 183Au | ||||||||||||||||||
187mTl | 335(3) keV | 15.60(12) s | α | 183Au | (9/2−) | ||||||||||||||
IT | 187Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
β+ | 187Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
188Tl | 81 | 107 | 187.97601(4) | 71(2) s | β+ | 188Hg | (2−) | ||||||||||||
188m1Tl | 40(30) keV | 71(1) s | β+ | 188Hg | (7+) | ||||||||||||||
188m2Tl | 310(30) keV | 41(4) ms | (9−) | ||||||||||||||||
189Tl | 81 | 108 | 188.973588(12) | 2.3(2) min | β+ | 189Hg | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||
189mTl | 257.6(13) keV | 1.4(1) min | β+ (96%) | 189Hg | (9/2−) | ||||||||||||||
IT (4%) | 189Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
190Tl | 81 | 109 | 189.97388(5) | 2.6(3) min | β+ | 190Hg | 2(−) | ||||||||||||
190m1Tl | 130(90)# keV | 3.7(3) min | β+ | 190Hg | 7(+#) | ||||||||||||||
190m2Tl | 290(70)# keV | 750(40) μs | (8−) | ||||||||||||||||
190m3Tl | 410(70)# keV | >1 μs | 9− | ||||||||||||||||
191Tl | 81 | 110 | 190.971786(8) | 20# min | β+ | 191Hg | (1/2+) | ||||||||||||
191mTl | 297(7) keV | 5.22(16) min | β+ | 191Hg | 9/2(−) | ||||||||||||||
192Tl | 81 | 111 | 191.97223(3) | 9.6(4) min | β+ | 192Hg | (2−) | ||||||||||||
192m1Tl | 160(50) keV | 10.8(2) min | β+ | 192Hg | (7+) | ||||||||||||||
192m2Tl | 407(54) keV | 296(5) ns | (8−) | ||||||||||||||||
193Tl | 81 | 112 | 192.97067(12) | 21.6(8) min | β+ | 193Hg | 1/2(+#) | ||||||||||||
193mTl | 369(4) keV | 2.11(15) min | IT (75%) | 193Tl | 9/2− | ||||||||||||||
β+ (25%) | 193Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
194Tl | 81 | 113 | 193.97120(15) | 33.0(5) min | β+ | 194Hg | 2− | ||||||||||||
α (10−7%) | 190Au | ||||||||||||||||||
194mTl | 300(200)# keV | 32.8(2) min | β+ | 194Hg | (7+) | ||||||||||||||
195Tl | 81 | 114 | 194.969774(15) | 1.16(5) h | β+ | 195Hg | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
195mTl | 482.63(17) keV | 3.6(4) s | IT | 195Tl | 9/2− | ||||||||||||||
196Tl | 81 | 115 | 195.970481(13) | 1.84(3) h | β+ | 196Hg | 2− | ||||||||||||
196mTl | 394.2(5) keV | 1.41(2) h | β+ (95.5%) | 196Hg | (7+) | ||||||||||||||
IT (4.5%) | 196Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
197Tl | 81 | 116 | 196.969575(18) | 2.84(4) h | β+ | 197Hg | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
197mTl | 608.22(8) keV | 540(10) ms | IT | 197Tl | 9/2− | ||||||||||||||
198Tl | 81 | 117 | 197.97048(9) | 5.3(5) h | β+ | 198Hg | 2− | ||||||||||||
198m1Tl | 543.5(4) keV | 1.87(3) h | β+ (54%) | 198Hg | 7+ | ||||||||||||||
IT (46%) | 198Tl | ||||||||||||||||||
198m2Tl | 687.2(5) keV | 150(40) ns | (5+) | ||||||||||||||||
198m3Tl | 742.3(4) keV | 32.1(10) ms | (10−)# | ||||||||||||||||
199Tl | 81 | 118 | 198.96988(3) | 7.42(8) h | β+ | 199Hg | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
199mTl | 749.7(3) keV | 28.4(2) ms | IT | 199Tl | 9/2− | ||||||||||||||
200Tl | 81 | 119 | 199.970963(6) | 26.1(1) h | β+ | 200Hg | 2− | ||||||||||||
200m1Tl | 753.6(2) keV | 34.3(10) ms | IT | 200Tl | 7+ | ||||||||||||||
200m2Tl | 762.0(2) keV | 0.33(5) μs | 5+ | ||||||||||||||||
201Tl | 81 | 120 | 200.970819(16) | 72.912(17) h | EC | 201Hg | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
201mTl | 919.50(9) keV | 2.035(7) ms | IT | 201Tl | (9/2−) | ||||||||||||||
202Tl | 81 | 121 | 201.972106(16) | 12.23(2) d | β+ | 202Hg | 2− | ||||||||||||
202mTl | 950.19(10) keV | 572(7) μs | 7+ | ||||||||||||||||
203Tl | 81 | 122 | 202.9723442(14) | Observationally Stable | 1/2+ | 0.2952(1) | 0.29494–0.29528 | ||||||||||||
203mTl | 3400(300) keV | 7.7(5) μs | (25/2+) | ||||||||||||||||
204Tl | 81 | 123 | 203.9738635(13) | 3.78(2) y | β− (97.1%) | 204Pb | 2− | ||||||||||||
EC (2.9%) | 204Hg | ||||||||||||||||||
204m1Tl | 1104.0(4) keV | 63(2) μs | (7)+ | ||||||||||||||||
204m2Tl | 2500(500) keV | 2.6(2) μs | (12−) | ||||||||||||||||
204m3Tl | 3500(500) keV | 1.6(2) μs | (20+) | ||||||||||||||||
205Tl | 81 | 124 | 204.9744275(14) | Observationally Stable | 1/2+ | 0.7048(1) | 0.70472–0.70506 | ||||||||||||
205m1Tl | 3290.63(17) keV | 2.6(2) μs | 25/2+ | ||||||||||||||||
205m2Tl | 4835.6(15) keV | 235(10) ns | (35/2–) | ||||||||||||||||
206Tl | Radium E | 81 | 125 | 205.9761103(15) | 4.200(17) min | β− | 206Pb | 0− | Trace | ||||||||||
206mTl | 2643.11(19) keV | 3.74(3) min | IT | 206Tl | (12–) | ||||||||||||||
207Tl | Actinium C | 81 | 126 | 206.977419(6) | 4.77(2) min | β− | 207Pb | 1/2+ | Trace | ||||||||||
207mTl | 1348.1(3) keV | 1.33(11) s | IT (99.9%) | 207Tl | 11/2– | ||||||||||||||
β− (.1%) | 207Pb | ||||||||||||||||||
208Tl | Thorium C" | 81 | 127 | 207.9820187(21) | 3.053(4) min | β− | 208Pb | 5+ | Trace | ||||||||||
209Tl | 81 | 128 | 208.985359(8) | 2.161(7) min | β− | 209Pb | 1/2+ | Trace | |||||||||||
210Tl | Radium C″ | 81 | 129 | 209.990074(12) | 1.30(3) min | β− (99.991%) | 210Pb | (5+)# | Trace | ||||||||||
β−, n (.009%) | 209Pb | ||||||||||||||||||
211Tl | 81 | 130 | 210.993480(50) | 80(16) s | β− (97.8%) | 211Pb | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
β−, n (2.2%) | 210Pb | ||||||||||||||||||
212Tl | 81 | 131 | 211.998340(220)# | 31(8) s | β− (98.2%) | 212Pb | (5+) | ||||||||||||
β−, n (1.8%) | 211Pb | ||||||||||||||||||
213Tl | 81 | 132 | 213.001915(29) | 24(4) s | β− (92.4%) | 213Pb | 1/2+ | ||||||||||||
β−, n (7.6%) | 212Pb | ||||||||||||||||||
214Tl | 81 | 133 | 214.006940(210)# | 11(2) s | β− (66%) | 214Pb | 5+# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (34%) | 213Pb | ||||||||||||||||||
215Tl | 81 | 134 | 215.010640(320)# | 10(4) s | β− (95.4%) | 215Pb | 1/2+# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (4.6%) | 214Pb | ||||||||||||||||||
216Tl | 81 | 135 | 216.015800(320)# | 6(3) s | β− | 216Pb | 5+# | ||||||||||||
β−, n (<11.5%) | 215Pb | ||||||||||||||||||
This table header & footer: |
Thallium-201
Thallium-201 (201Tl) is a synthetic radioisotope of thallium. It has a half-life of 73 hours and decays by electron capture, emitting X-rays (~70–80 keV), and photons of 135 and 167 keV in 10% total abundance. Thallium-201 is synthesized by the neutron activation of stable thallium in a nuclear reactor, or by the 203Tl(p, 3n)201Pb nuclear reaction in cyclotrons, as 201Pb naturally decays to 201Tl afterwards. It is a radiopharmaceutical, as it has good imaging characteristics without excessive patient radiation dose. It is the most popular isotope used for thallium nuclear cardiac stress tests.
- Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
- "News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
Isotopes of the chemical elements
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||