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Bariatrics
Arghavan Salles
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Arghavan Salles

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Arghavan Salles
Arghavan salles.jpg
Born (1980-02-23) February 23, 1980
Iran
Nationality American
Alma mater University of Southern California
Stanford University School of Medicine
Washington University School of Medicine
Stanford Graduate School of Education
Known for Advocacy for gender equity and well-being in surgery residency
Awards 2020 ABIM Top Research Article Award on Medical Professionalism, 2019 Exceptional Mentor Award, American Medical Women's Association, 2018 Joan F. Giambalvo Fund for the Advancement of Women
Scientific career
Fields Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Medicine, Bariatric Surgery
Institutions Stanford University School of Medicine

Arghavan Salles (Persian: ارغوان ثالث; born February 23, 1980) is an Iranian Americanbariatric surgeon. Salles is the Special Advisor for DEI Programs in the Department of Medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine and a Senior Research Scholar at the Clayman Institute for Gender Research. Salles’ research focuses on gender equity, well-being, and the challenges women face in the workplace. Salles works as an advocate for equity and inclusion and as an activist against sexual harassment. Salles is an international speaker who supported health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic through social media.

Early life and education

Salles was born in Iran. In 1985, when she was five years old, she emigrated to the United States with her mother. She became a U.S. citizen when she was 21. While in high school Salles loved math.

In 2002, Salles received a B.S. in Biomedical Engineering and a B.A. in French from the University of Southern California. In 2006, Salles received an M.D. from Stanford University School of Medicine. Salles did a residency in general surgery from Stanford University School of Medicine from 2006 to 2015. In 2014, Salles completed a PhD social psychology from Stanford University, after which she finished her last two years of surgical residency, going on to become a Board Certified Surgeon in 2016. After finishing her residency and PhD in 2016, Salles then completed a year long fellowship training in minimally invasive surgery at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis.

Career

While Salles was Chief Resident of General Surgery at Stanford, a graduate of the surgery program took his life just 6 months after graduating. Salles has said that this event dramatically impacted the program to enact changes and educate the community about burnout, depression, and wellbeing in medicine. In 2011, she and a professor of surgery at Stanford at the time, Dr. Ralph Greco, created a "Balance in Life" program for surgery residents. This program included weekly psychotherapy session, mentor-mentee pairing between senior and junior residents, and support for residents in their search to find their own doctors and dentists for medical needs. This program's success underscored the need for programs like these to be in place. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has since tried to model a nationwide wellness program after the Stanford program.

In addition to issues of mental health burden due to burnout, Salles also began to see glaring evidence of inequities, bias, and gender harassment in medicine, specifically in surgery. These observations made her question the meritocratic society she once thought existed in her field. These experiences pushed her to take a break from her residency to pursue a PhD in education.

From September 2016 to June 2019, Sallas was an assistant professor in the Department of Surgery at Washington University, where her lab conducted research on gender bias and inequities in medicine. In 2017 she developed an online wellness resource for Washington University residents that offered counselling and crisis lines.

In 2018, Salles became a founding member of Time's Up Healthcare, part of the Time's Up initiative which supports “safe, fair, and dignified” work for women around the world and helps to prevent sexual assault and gender based discrimination in the workplace. This same year, she and 5 other female medical trainees at Washington University, helped start 500 Women in Medicine, a satellite of 500 Women Scientists established to make medicine more inclusive and reflect the true diversity of society.

In 2019, Salles became a Board Certified Physician of Obesity Medicine, and returned to Stanford to develop Educational Programs and Services at the medical school. Her research focused on the representation of women at surgical conferences, implicit and explicit gender bias in healthcare and in performance evaluations, and how to maintain the health and wellbeing of physicians and medical trainees. She also advocated against weight bias.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Salas created fitness challenges, free weekly yoga classes, and daily videos on Twitter and Instagram to engage her followers and bring together a supportive community.

Research

Stereotype threat

It was during her PhD that Salles learned for the first time about stereotype threat. This not only shaped her thesis work but directed her career path as well.  Salles began to realize the ways in which stereotype threat might be affecting her and her female peers in their evaluations during her surgery residency. Interested in exploring gender bias in surgery, Salles' dissertation research focused on the negative stereotypes about women in surgery and how those affect women training to become surgeons.

Due to strongly ingrained gender biases in society, both patients and medical peers hold strong misconceptions that women are not as competent surgeons as men. This is exemplified by the old "surgeon riddle" which unveils strong gender stereotypes in medicine such that the majority of the population much more easily associate surgeons with being male than being female. These stereotypes that society holds, about women being less competent surgeons than men, leads to a phenomenon called stereotype threat which Salles explored in her work. Salles hypothesized that stereotype threat, the fear of affirming a negative stereotype about ones' group, causes women increased stress and leads to decreased performance in surgical residency. Salles tested this hypothesis by implementing methods to combat stress and stereotype threat through value affirmations.

Salles saw increases in the performance of female surgeons who had done value affirmation exercises compared to those who had not, suggesting that low cost interventions targeted towards social-psychological well-being can improve female residents’ performance. Salles later also showed that women surgeons who have higher stereotype perception have worse psychological health. Fascinatingly, this correlation was only significant for female surgeons and not male surgeons or non-surgeons, further confirming the existence of stereotype threat in female surgeons and the importance of addressing the negative psychological impacts women face in order to level the playing field.

Gender bias in surgery

Continuing her research on gender bias at Washington University, Salles and her colleagues explored gender bias in clinical evaluations of surgical residents. Their results, published in The American Journal of Surgery in 2018, showed that evaluations display gendered differences and the overall tones of men's evaluations were more positive and included more standout words than women's. These findings highlight the severe impact of biases on the potential for career success in surgery.

Interested in the extent to which gender bias exists in surgery, Salles and her colleagues used the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to assess implicit biases in the medical field. They found that respondents associated men with career and surgery while they associated women with family and family medicine.

Well-being in surgery

Salles also explores different facets of how well-being impacts retention of residents in the progression towards careers in surgery. In 2018, Salles found that feelings of social belonging were positively correlated with well-being and negatively correlated with thoughts of leaving surgery. She then explored how general self-efficacy impacted retention in surgical specialties and found that self-efficacy was a strong predictor of well-being, which prevents physician burnout and improves retention in the medical field.

Awards and honors

  • 2018: Joan F. Giambalvo Fund for the Advancement of Women - Grant to study gender bias in medicine
  • 2019: Women in Medicine Summit, #IStandWithHer Award Honorable Mention
  • 2019: American Medical Women's Association, Exceptional Mentor Award
  • 2019: Society of Asian American Surgeons, Visiting Professor
  • 2020: ABIM Top Research Article Award on Medical Professionalism Estimating Implicit and Explicit Gender Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Surgeons

Membership

Selected works and publications

Selected work

Selected publications

Further reading

External links


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