Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCAR1 gene.
Gene
BCAR1 is localized on chromosome 16 on region q, on the negative strand and it consists of seven exons. Eight different gene isoforms have been identified that share the same sequence starting from the second exon onwards but are characterized by different starting sites. The longest isoform is called BCAR1-iso1 (RefSeq NM_001170714.1) and is 916 amino acids long, the other shorter isoforms start with an alternative first exon.
Function
BCAR1 is a ubiquitously expressed adaptor molecule originally identified as the major substrate of v-Src and v-Crk . p130Cas/BCAR1 belongs to the Cas family of adaptor proteins and can act as a docking protein for several signalling partners. Due to its ability to associate with multiple signaling partners, p130Cas/BCAR1 contributes to the regulation to a variety of signaling pathways leading to cell adhesion, migration, invasion, apoptosis, hypoxia and mechanical forces. p130Cas/BCAR1 plays a role in cell transformation and cancer progression and alterations of p130Cas/BCAR1 expression and the resulting activation of selective signalling are determinants for the occurrence of different types of human tumors.
Due to the capacity of p130Cas/BCAR1, as an adaptor protein, to interact with multiple partners and to be regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, its expression and phosphorylation can lead to a wide range of functional consequences. Among the regulators of p130Cas/BCAR1 tyrosine phosphorylation, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and integrins play a prominent role. RTK-dependent p130Cas/BCAR1 tyrosine phosphorylation and the subsequent binding with specific downstream signaling molecule modulate cell processes such as actin cytoskeleton remodeling, cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, invasion and survival.Integrin-mediated p130Cas/BCAR1 phosphorylation upon adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) induces downstream signaling that is required for allowing cells to spread and migrate on the ECM. Both RTKs and integrin activation affect p130Cas/BCAR1 tyrosine phosphorylation and represent an efficient means by which cells utilize signals coming from growth factors and integrin activation to coordinate cell responses. Additionally, p130Cas/BCAR1 tyrosine phosphorylation on its substrate domain can be induced by cell stretching subsequent to changes in the rigidity of the extracellular matrix, allowing cells to respond to mechanical force changes in the cell environment.
Cas-Family
p130Cas/BCAR1 is a member of the Cas family (Crk-associated substrate) of adaptor proteins which is characterized by the presence of multiple conserved motifs for protein–protein interactions, and by extensive tyrosine and serine phosphorylations. The Cas family comprises other three members: NEDD9 (Neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 9, also called Human enhancer of filamentation 1, HEF-1 or Cas-L), EFS (Embryonal Fyn-associated substrate), and CASS4 (Cas scaffolding protein family member 4). These Cas proteins have a high structural homology, characterized by the presence of multiple protein interaction domains and phosphorylation motifs through which Cas family members can recruit effector proteins. However, despite the high degree of similarity, their temporal expression, tissue distribution and functional roles are distinct and not overlapping. Notably, the knock-out of p130Cas/BCAR1 in mice is embryonic lethal, suggesting that other family members do not show an overlapping role in development.
Structure
p130Cas/BCAR1 is a scaffold protein characterized by several structural domains. It possesses an amino N-terminal Src-homology 3 domain (SH3) domain, followed by a proline-rich domain (PRR) and a substrate domain (SD). The substrate domain consists of 15 repeats of the YxxP consensus phosphorylation motif for Src family kinases (SFKs). Following the substrate domain is the serine-rich domain, which forms a four-helix bundle. This acts as a protein-interaction motif, similar to those found in other adhesion-related proteins such as focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and vinculin. The remaining carboxy-terminal sequence contains a bipartite Src-binding domain (residues 681–713) able to bind both the SH2 and SH3 domains of Src. p130Cas/BCAR1 can undergo extensive changes in tyrosine phosphorylation that occur predominantly in the 15 YxxP repeats within the substrate domain and represent the major post-translational modification of p130Cas/BCAR1. p130Cas/BCAR1 tyrosine phosphorylation can result from a diverse range of extracellular stimuli, including growth factors, integrin activation, vasoactive hormones and peptides ligands for G-protein coupled receptors. These stimuli triggers p130Cas/BCAR1 tyrosine phosphorylation and its translocation from cytosol to the cell membrane.
Clinical significance
Given the ability of p130Cas/BCAR1 scaffold protein to convey and integrate different type of signals and subsequently to regulate key cellular functions such as adhesion, migration, invasion, proliferation and survival, the existence of a strong correlation between deregulated p130Cas/BCAR1 expression and cancer was inferred. Deregulated expression of p130Cas/BCAR1 has been identified in several cancer types. Altered levels of p130Cas/BCAR1 expression in cancers can result from gene amplification, transcription upregulation or changes in protein stability. Overexpression of p130Cas/BCAR1 has been detected in human breast cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, glioma, melanoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma and chronic myelogenous leukaemia. The presence of aberrant levels of hyperphosphorylated p130Cas/BCAR1 strongly promotes cell proliferation, migration, invasion, survival, angiogenesis and drug resistance. It has been demonstrated that high levels of p130Cas/BCAR1 expression in breast cancer correlate with worse prognosis, increased probability to develop metastasis and resistance to therapy. Conversely, lowering the amount of p130Cas/BCAR1 expression in ovarian, breast and prostate cancer is sufficient to block tumor growth and progression of cancer cells.
p130Cas/BCAR1 has potential uses as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for some human cancers. Since lowering p130Cas/BCAR1 in tumor cells is sufficient to halt their transformation and progression, it is conceivable to propose p130Cas/BCAR1 may represent a therapeutic target. However, the non-catalytic nature of p130Cas/BCAR1 makes difficult to develop specific inhibitors.
Further reading
- Rozengurt E (1999). "Signal transduction pathways in the mitogenic response to G protein-coupled neuropeptide receptor agonists". J. Cell. Physiol. 177 (4): 507–17. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199812)177:4<507::AID-JCP2>3.0.CO;2-K. PMID 10092204. S2CID 35469603.
- O'Neill GM, Fashena SJ, Golemis EA (2000). "Integrin signalling: a new Cas(t) of characters enters the stage". Trends Cell Biol. 10 (3): 111–9. doi:10.1016/S0962-8924(99)01714-6. PMID 10675905.
- Bouton AH, Riggins RB, Bruce-Staskal PJ (2001). "Functions of the adapter protein Cas: signal convergence and the determination of cellular responses". Oncogene. 20 (44): 6448–58. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204785. PMID 11607844.
- Panetti TS (2002). "Tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin, FAK, and p130CAS: effects on cell spreading and migration". Front. Biosci. 7 (1–3): d143–50. doi:10.2741/panetti. PMID 11779709. S2CID 35708933.
- Mayer BJ, Hirai H, Sakai R (1995). "Evidence that SH2 domains promote processive phosphorylation by protein-tyrosine kinases". Curr. Biol. 5 (3): 296–305. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(95)00060-1. PMID 7780740. S2CID 16957239.
- Sakai R, Iwamatsu A, Hirano N, Ogawa S, Tanaka T, Mano H, Yazaki Y, Hirai H (1994). "A novel signaling molecule, p130, forms stable complexes in vivo with v-Crk and v-Src in a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent manner". EMBO J. 13 (16): 3748–56. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06684.x. PMC 395286. PMID 8070403.
- Vuori K, Hirai H, Aizawa S, Ruoslahti E (1996). "Introduction of p130cas signaling complex formation upon integrin-mediated cell adhesion: a role for Src family kinases". Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (6): 2606–13. doi:10.1128/MCB.16.6.2606. PMC 231251. PMID 8649368.
- Law SF, Estojak J, Wang B, Mysliwiec T, Kruh G, Golemis EA (1996). "Human enhancer of filamentation 1, a novel p130cas-like docking protein, associates with focal adhesion kinase and induces pseudohyphal growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (7): 3327–37. doi:10.1128/mcb.16.7.3327. PMC 231327. PMID 8668148.
- Khwaja A, Hallberg B, Warne PH, Downward J (1996). "Networks of interaction of p120cbl and p130cas with Crk and Grb2 adaptor proteins". Oncogene. 12 (12): 2491–8. PMID 8700507.
- Salgia R, Pisick E, Sattler M, Li JL, Uemura N, Wong WK, Burky SA, Hirai H, Chen LB, Griffin JD (1996). "p130CAS forms a signaling complex with the adapter protein CRKL in hematopoietic cells transformed by the BCR/ABL oncogene". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (41): 25198–203. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.41.25198. PMID 8810278.
- Garton AJ, Flint AJ, Tonks NK (1996). "Identification of p130(cas) as a substrate for the cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP-PEST". Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (11): 6408–18. doi:10.1128/MCB.16.11.6408. PMC 231642. PMID 8887669.
- Liu F, Hill DE, Chernoff J (1997). "Direct binding of the proline-rich region of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B to the Src homology 3 domain of p130(Cas)". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (49): 31290–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.49.31290. PMID 8940134.
- Astier A, Avraham H, Manie SN, Groopman J, Canty T, Avraham S, Freedman AS (1997). "The related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase is tyrosine-phosphorylated after beta1-integrin stimulation in B cells and binds to p130cas". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1): 228–32. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.1.228. PMID 8995252.
- Jücker M, McKenna K, da Silva AJ, Rudd CE, Feldman RA (1997). "The Fes protein-tyrosine kinase phosphorylates a subset of macrophage proteins that are involved in cell adhesion and cell-cell signaling". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (4): 2104–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.4.2104. PMID 8999909.
- Manié SN, Beck AR, Astier A, Law SF, Canty T, Hirai H, Druker BJ, Avraham H, Haghayeghi N, Sattler M, Salgia R, Griffin JD, Golemis EA, Freedman AS (1997). "Involvement of p130(Cas) and p105(HEF1), a novel Cas-like docking protein, in a cytoskeleton-dependent signaling pathway initiated by ligation of integrin or antigen receptor on human B cells". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (7): 4230–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.7.4230. PMID 9020138.
- Schlaepfer DD, Hunter T (1997). "Focal adhesion kinase overexpression enhances ras-dependent integrin signaling to ERK2/mitogen-activated protein kinase through interactions with and activation of c-Src". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (20): 13189–95. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.20.13189. PMID 9148935.
- Manié SN, Astier A, Haghayeghi N, Canty T, Druker BJ, Hirai H, Freedman AS (1997). "Regulation of integrin-mediated p130(Cas) tyrosine phosphorylation in human B cells. A role for p59(Fyn) and SHP2". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (25): 15636–41. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.25.15636. PMID 9188452.
- Garton AJ, Burnham MR, Bouton AH, Tonks NK (1997). "Association of PTP-PEST with the SH3 domain of p130cas; a novel mechanism of protein tyrosine phosphatase substrate recognition". Oncogene. 15 (8): 877–85. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201279. PMID 9285683.
- Kanda H, Mimura T, Morino N, Hamasaki K, Nakamoto T, Hirai H, Morimoto C, Yazaki Y, Nojima Y (1997). "Ligation of the T cell antigen receptor induces tyrosine phosphorylation of p105CasL, a member of the p130Cas-related docking protein family, and its subsequent binding to the Src homology 2 domain of c-Crk". Eur. J. Immunol. 27 (8): 2113–7. doi:10.1002/eji.1830270840. PMID 9295052. S2CID 38846452.
External links
- Bcar1 Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway
- Human BCAR1 genome location and BCAR1 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
- Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P56945 (Human Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance protein 1) at the PDBe-KB.
- Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q61140 (Mouse Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance protein 1) at the PDBe-KB.
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