Calponin 3, acidic

CNN3
Identifiers
Aliases	CNN3, calponin 3
External IDs	OMIM: 602374 MGI: 1919244 HomoloGene: 37533 GeneCards: CNN3
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 1 (human) Band 1p21.3 Start 94,896,949 bp End 94,927,223 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 3 (mouse) Band 3|3 G1 Start 121,220,146 bp End 121,251,856 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in Achilles tendon ganglionic eminence Left adrenal gland Right adrenal gland tibial nerve left uterine tube right lung upper lobe of left lung gallbladder right coronary artery Top expressed in endocardial cushion dermis ciliary body iris external carotid artery atrioventricular valve ureter belly cord sciatic nerve internal carotid artery More reference expression data BioGPS n/a
Gene ontology Molecular function microtubule binding actin binding calmodulin binding cadherin binding involved in cell-cell adhesion Cellular component neuronal cell body dendritic spine dendrite postsynaptic density focal adhesion actin cytoskeleton cytosol Biological process negative regulation of ATP-dependent activity actomyosin structure organization epithelial cell differentiation cell-cell adhesion Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 1266 71994 Ensembl ENSG00000117519 ENSMUSG00000053931 UniProt Q15417 Q9DAW9 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001839 NM_001286055 NM_001286056 NM_028044 RefSeq (protein) NP_001272984 NP_001272985 NP_001830 NP_082320 Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 94.9 – 94.93 Mb Chr 3: 121.22 – 121.25 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Calponin 3. acidic is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CNN3 gene.

The CNN3 gene is located at 1p22-p21 in the human chromosomal genome. CNN3 gene contains 7 exons and encodes calponin 3, a 36.4-kDa protein consisting of 329 amino acids with isoelectric point (pI) of 5.84. Calponin 3 is known as acidic calponin. Among three isoforms of calponin, less is known for the gene regulation and function of calponin 3. Nonetheless, much has been learned from extensive studies on the homologous genes CNN1 and CNN2 that encode calponin 1 and calponin 2.

Evolution

Figure 1. Evolutionary lineage of vertebrate calponin 3 isoforms deduced from alignment of amino acid sequences.

CNN3 is one of the three homologous calponin isoform genes. Calponin 3 is significantly diverged from calponin 1 and calponin 2 in the C terminal variable region. The higher degree of divergence among vertebrate CNN3 genes than that in the CNN1 and CNN2 gene families suggests possibly earlier emergence of CNN3, indicating that calponin 3 may represent a prototype of calponin ancestral of the three present-day isoforms (Fig. 1).

Structure-function relationships

The primary structure of calponin 3 is similar as that of calponin 1 and calponin 2, consisting of a conserved N-terminal calponin homology (CH) domain, a conserved middle region containing two actin-binding sites, and a C-terminal variable region. The unique length amino acid sequence of the C-terminal segment of the three calponin isoforms are responsible for their size and overall charge differences.

Calponin 3 has been shown to participate in actin cytoskeleton-based activities such as that in embryonic development and myogenesis. Unlike calponin 1, calponin 3 has little effect on actomyosin Mg²⁺-ATPase activity and does not cause actin filaments bundling at the same condition as calponin 1 does.

Tissue distribution

Calponin 3 is found in the brain with expression in neurons,astrocytes, and glial cells, where it may function in regulating the actin cytoskeleton with a proposed role in the plasticity of neural tissues. Calponin 3 is also present in embryonic trophoblasts and myoblasts with functions in cell fusion during embryonic development and myogenesis Calponin 3 is also expressed in B lymphocytes.

Function

Calponin 3 was found in stress fibers of skin fibroblasts and myofibroblasts during wound healing. Cnn3 knockdown in primary fibroblasts impaired stress fiber formation, resulting in decreased cell motility and contractile ability.> Calponin 3 in the brain has a potential function in regulating actin filaments during neuronal remodeling. Calponin 3 was also found in dendritic spines of adult hippocampal neurons to regulate dendritic spine plasticity. While mice with systemic knockout of Cnn1 or Cnn2, or both Cnn1 and Cnn2 survive to adulthood and fertile, systemic knockout of calponin 3 in mice results in embryonic and neonatal lethality due to defect in the development of central nervous system.CNN3 was found in the trophoblasts of human placenta and plays a role of negative regulator of trophoblast fusion. Knockdown or dissociation of calponin 3 from cytoskeleton in response to PKC phosphorylation promoted fusion of trophoblasts.

Consistently, calponin 3 was also present in myoblasts as an inhibitory regulator of cell fusion. Overexpression of calponin 3 in mouse C₂C₁₂ myoblasts inhibited cell fusion during in vitro differentiation, whereas Cnn3 gene knockdown promoted cell fusion and the expression of skeletal muscle myosin. The inhibitory effect of calponin 3 was reversed upon phosphorylation by Rho-associated kinase 1/2 (ROCK1/2).