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Rural community development
Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service
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    Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service

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    This article is about a division of the United States Department of Agriculture. For agriculture extensions in general, see Agricultural extension.
    Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service
    US-CSREES-Logo.svg
    Agency overview
    Formed 1994 (1994)
    Preceding agencies
    • Cooperative State Research Service
    • Extension Service
    Dissolved 2009 (2009)
    Superseding agency
    Type Extension
    Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States
    Parent department United States Department of Agriculture

    The Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES) was an extension agency within the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), part of the executive branch of the federal government. The 1994 Department Reorganization Act, passed by Congress, created CSREES by combining the former Cooperative State Research Service and the Extension Service into a single agency.

    In 2009, CSREES was reorganized into the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA).

    Mission

    CSREES' mission is to "advance agriculture, the environment, human health and well-being, and communities" by supporting research, education, and extension programs at land-grant universities and other organizations it partners with. CSREES doesn't conduct its own research; it provides funding and leadership to land-grant universities and competitively granted awards to researchers in partner organizations. CSREES' areas of involvement span across 60 programs in the biological, physical, and social sciences related to agricultural research, economic analysis, statistics, extension, and higher education.

    Funding

    CSREES administers federal appropriations through three funding tools: competitive grants, formula grants, and congressionally directed funding.

    Competitive Grants

    Competitive grants are awarded to applicants upon the recommendation of a peer-review panel. CSREES' competitive programs include the National Research Initiative, the Small Business Innovation Research Program, the Biotechnology Risk Assessment Program, and Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers.

    Formula Grants

    CSREES supports research and extension activities at land-grant institutions through federal funds that are appropriated to states on the basis of statutory, population-based formulas. CSREES' formula grants are directed to state experiment stations, the Cooperative Extension System, and Cooperative Forestry Programs. In most cases, the states are required to match the federal formula dollars with nonfederal contributions. The four CSREES research funding programs for land-grant universities are (1) Hatch, (2) Multistate Research (a subset of Hatch), (3) McIntire-Stennis, and (4) Animal Health.

    Congressional Directed Funding

    Congress directs CSREES to fund and administer certain programs each year through special appropriations accounts. In general, the Executive Branch does not support the inclusion of these programs in the president's annual budget submission to Congress. Examples of projects include: the Expert Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Decision Support System; Global Change, UV-B Monitoring; IPM and Biological Control; Minor Crop Pest Management, IR-4; and Minor Use Animal Drugs.

    Research

    CSREES is the USDA's extramural research agency, funding individuals; institutions; and public, private, and non-profit organizations. Its research programs address issues affecting 13 national emphasis areas:

    • Agriculture and Food Biosecurity
    • Agricultural Systems
    • Animals & Animal Products
    • Biotechnology & Genomics
    • Economics & Commerce
    • Education
    • Families, Youth & Communities
    • Food, Nutrition & Health
    • International
    • Natural Resources & Environment
    • Pest Management
    • Plants & Plant Products
    • Technology & Engineering

    Supported research falls into three categories:

    • Basic research: discovers the underlying processes and systems that make a plant, animal, ecosystem, community, or marketplace work.
    • Applied research: expands on basic research to uncover practical ways this knowledge can benefit individuals and society.
    • Integrated research: research is expected to generate new knowledge and/or apply existing knowledge quickly through dissemination of information on specific issues.

    Education

    Education programs support all CSREES emphasis areas and promote teaching excellence, enhance academic quality, and help develop the scientific and professional workforce. CSREES continues a federal-state teaching partnership started in 1977 by strengthening agricultural and science literacy in K-12 education, improving higher education curricula, and increasing the diversity and quality of future graduates to enter the workforce.

    In 1981, Agriculture in the Classroom (AITC) was established to promote agricultural literacy in classrooms across the country. Today, AITC provides lesson plans, professional development opportunities, and teacher recognition programs for teachers, as well as maintains a national resource directory and other sources of public information on K-12 agricultural education issues.

    Cooperative Extension System

    The Cooperative Extension System is a non-formal educational program implemented in the United States designed to help people use research-based knowledge to improve their lives. The service is provided by the state's designated land-grant universities. In most states, the educational offerings are in the areas of agriculture and food, home and family, environment, community economic development, and youth and 4-H. The National 4-H Headquarters is located within the Families, 4-H, and Nutrition unit of CSREES.

    The Smith-Lever Act, which was passed in 1914, established the partnership between agricultural colleges and the USDA to support agricultural extension work. The act also stated that USDA provide each state with funds based on a population-related formula. As of around 1929, African Americans made up 24 percent of the South's population, but only 12 percent of the southern extension staff. Additionally, the New Mexico extension service hired only one temporary part-time bilingual home demonstrator in its first 15 years, even though half the population only spoke Spanish. Today, CSREES distributes these so-called formula grants annually in cooperation with state and county governments and land-grant universities.

    Advertisement for home demonstration event held in Winston County, Mississippi in 1931.

    Traditionally, each county of all 50 states had a local extension office. This number has declined as some county offices have consolidated into regional extension centers. Today, there are approximately 2,900 extension offices nationwide.

    Since 2005, the Extension system has collaborated in developing eXtension.org (pronounced "e-extension"). eXtension is an Internet-based learning platform where Extension professionals and citizens nationwide and beyond have 24/7 access to unbiased, research-based, peer-reviewed information from land-grant universities on a wide range of topics. Information is organized into articles, professional development resources, news, frequently asked questions, and blog posts that provide a knowledge-to-action service that has become an integral part of the Cooperative Extension System. In 2015, the nonprofit, member-based eXtension Foundation was created to advance innovation and technology-enhanced professional development going forward.

    This table summarizes the cooperative extension programs in each state. (Under the 1890 amendment to the Morrill Act, if a state's land-grant university was not open to all races, a separate land-grant university had to be established for each race. Hence, some states have more than one land-grant university.)

    Cooperative Extensions
    State University Extension website
    Alabama Alabama A&M University
    Auburn University
    Tuskegee University     		Alabama Cooperative Extension System
    Alaska University of Alaska University of Alaska Cooperative Extension
    Arizona University of Arizona Arizona Cooperative Extension
    Arkansas University of Arkansas
    University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff     		University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service
    California University of California University of California Cooperative Extension
    Colorado Colorado State University Colorado State University Extension
    Connecticut University of Connecticut Cooperative Extension System
    Delaware University of Delaware
    Delaware State University     		Delaware Cooperative Extension
    DSU Cooperative Extension
    District of Columbia University of the District of Columbia University of the District of Columbia Cooperative Extension Service
    Florida University of Florida
    Florida A&M University     		University of Florida IFAS Extension
    Georgia University of Georgia
    Fort Valley State University     		University of Georgia Cooperative Extension
    Guam University of Guam University of Guam Cooperative Extension
    Hawaii University of Hawaii University of Hawaii Cooperative Extension Service
    Idaho University of Idaho University of Idaho Extension
    Illinois University of Illinois University of Illinois Extension
    Indiana Purdue University Purdue University Extension
    Iowa Iowa State University Iowa State University Extension
    Kansas Kansas State University Kansas State University Research & Extension
    Kentucky University of Kentucky

    Kentucky State University

    		University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service
    Louisiana Louisiana State University
    Southern University and A&M College     		Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service
    Maine University of Maine University of Maine Extension
    Maryland University of Maryland
    University of Maryland Eastern Shore     		Maryland Cooperative Extension
    Massachusetts University of Massachusetts Amherst University of Massachusetts Extension
    Michigan Michigan State University Michigan State University Extension
    Minnesota University of Minnesota University of Minnesota Extension
    Mississippi Mississippi State University
    Alcorn State University     		Mississippi State University Extension
    Missouri University of Missouri
    Lincoln University     		University of Missouri Extension
    Montana Montana State University Montana State University Extension Service
    Nebraska University of Nebraska University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension
    Nevada University of Nevada University of Nevada Cooperative Extension
    New Hampshire University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension
    New Jersey Rutgers University Rutgers Cooperative Extension
    New Mexico New Mexico State University New Mexico State University Cooperative Extension Service
    New York Cornell University Cornell Cooperative Extension
    North Carolina North Carolina State University
    North Carolina A&T State University     		North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
    North Carolina A&T State University Cooperative Extension Program
    North Dakota North Dakota State University North Dakota State University Extension Service
    Ohio Ohio State University The Ohio State University Extension
    Oklahoma Oklahoma State University Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service
    Oregon Oregon State University Oregon State University Extension Service
    Pennsylvania Penn State Penn State Cooperative Extension
    Rhode Island University of Rhode Island University of Rhode Island Cooperative Extension
    South Carolina Clemson University
    South Carolina State University     		Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service
    South Dakota South Dakota State University South Dakota State University Extension
    Tennessee University of Tennessee
    Tennessee State University     		University of Tennessee Extension
    Tennessee State University Cooperative Extension Program
    Texas Texas A&M University
    Prairie View A&M University     		Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service
    Utah Utah State University Utah State University Extension
    Vermont University of Vermont University of Vermont Extension System
    Virginia Virginia Tech
    Virginia State University     		Virginia Cooperative Extension
    Washington Washington State University Washington State University Extension
    West Virginia West Virginia University

    West Virginia State University

    		West Virginia University Extension Service

    West Virginia State University Extension Service

    Wisconsin University of Wisconsin–Madison UW–Madison Division of Extension
    Wyoming University of Wyoming University of Wyoming Cooperative Extension Service

    See also

    External links


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