Denufosol

Denufosol

Clinical data
Other names	INS37217 2'-Desoxycytidine (5')tetraphospho(5')uridine
Routes of administration	Inhalation
ATC code	none
Legal status
Legal status	Investigational
Identifiers
IUPAC name [[(3S,5R)-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)-3-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] [[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] hydrogen phosphate
CAS Number	211448-85-0 Y
PubChem CID	9875516
ChemSpider	8051201
UNII	5PC250KSSH
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1767407
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C18H27N5O21P4
Molar mass	773.323 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES C1[C@@H]([C@H](O[C@H]1N2C=CC(=NC2=O)N)COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]3[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O3)N4C=CC(=O)NC4=O)O)O)O
InChI InChI=1S/C18H27N5O21P4/c19-11-1-3-22(17(28)20-11)13-5-8(24)9(40-13)6-38-45(30,31)42-47(34,35)44-48(36,37)43-46(32,33)39-7-10-14(26)15(27)16(41-10)23-4-2-12(25)21-18(23)29/h1-4,8-10,13-16,24,26-27H,5-7H2,(H,30,31)(H,32,33)(H,34,35)(H,36,37)(H2,19,20,28)(H,21,25,29)/t8-,9+,10+,13+,14+,15+,16+/m0/s1 Key:FPNPSEMJLALQSA-MIYUEGBISA-N
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Denufosol (INN) is an inhaled drug for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, being developed by Inspire Pharmaceuticals and sponsored by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. It was tested in two Phase III clinical trials, TIGER-1 and TIGER-2. Initially, in the first Phase III trial, TIGER-1, the compound showed significant results as compared with placebo. In the second Phase III trial, TIGER-2, the compound did not meet the primary endpoint, a significant change in baseline FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in one second) at the week 48 endpoint as compared to placebo. As of 2011, no additional clinical studies are being conducted with the compound.

The drug was also investigated for the treatment of retinal detachment and other retinal diseases, but trials were terminated in 2006.

Application

In Phase III studies, denufosol was orally inhaled by patients with cystic fibrosis three times a day using a jet nebulizer. To be effective, it had to reach the deeper parts of the lung (bronchioles), making it unsuitable for children under five years of age.

Mechanism of action

Cystic fibrosis is characterised by a defect of the chloride channel CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) on epithelial cells in the lungs. The CFTR regulates the components of sweat, digestive juices, and mucus. Defects lead to a viscous, dehydrated mucus, hindering mucociliary clearance. Denufosol is an agonist at the P2Y₂ subtype of purinergic receptors which via its associated G protein leads to activation of alternative chloride channel. Activating this alternate chloride channel theoretically increases ion transport in cystic fibrosis patients which compensates the effects caused by the non-functioning CFTR.

Chemistry

Denufosol consists of two nucleosides (composed of a nucleobase and a sugar each), deoxycytidine and uridine, linked on their sugars by four units of phosphoric acid. It is used in form of its tetrasodium salt.