George Macdonald (22 June 1903 – 10 December 1967) was a British physician who was Professor of Tropical Hygiene at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. His research concentrated primarily on malaria, its epidemiology and control. He was the author of many papers on the mathematical analysis of transmission of tropical infections and the author of The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria, published in 1957.
From observations in the field, Macdonald developed concepts covering the mathematical modelling of the transmission of vector-borne tropical diseases and then applied the results to the eradication of the disease. He was early in perceiving the value of computer analysis in this area.
Macdonald developed the concept of the R number. He derived R0, originally termed Z0, from a reproduction ratio established by the demographer Alfred J. Lotka. Macdonald's aim was to understand quantitatively the transmission of malaria. In the 1950s, he suggested using the reproduction ratio to describe the transmission potential of malaria. He proposed that, if R0 is less than 1, the disease will die out in a population, because on average an infectious person will transmit to fewer than one other susceptible person. If R0 is greater than 1, then the disease will spread.
The George Macdonald Medal was first awarded in 1972 and every 3 years thereafter to recognise outstanding contributions to tropical hygiene. The medal is awarded jointly by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
Early life and education
Macdonald was born in Sheffield. His father, John Smyth Macdonald FRS, was a physician and professor of physiology at the University of Sheffield, and then at the University of Liverpool. His mother was Mary Catherine, daughter of Donald Stewart, a Scottish farmer.
Macdonald was educated first at King Edward VII School in Sheffield, and, when the family moved to Liverpool, at the Liverpool Institute. He then entered the medical school of the University of Liverpool, graduated MB ChB in 1924 and, already attracted by a career in the tropics, took the DTM in the same year.
Career
In 1925 Macdonald was appointed research assistant at the Sir Alfred Jones Research Laboratory in Freetown, Sierra Leone, where during the next four years he carried out studies on the effects of malaria in African children. In 1932 he took the post of medical officer for the Mariani Medical Association in Assam. He held this appointment until 1937. During the second world war Macdonald had a distinguished service. He was, in turn, commanding officer of No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3 Malaria Field Laboratories in the Middle East and Central Mediterranean, with a final rank of Brigadier.
Macdonald became director of the Ross Institute in 1945. He was appointed CMG in 1953, and elected a Fellow of the college in 1955. In 1954 he received the Darling Foundation Medal and prize from the World Health Assembly in Geneva for his studies on epidemiology and control of malaria.
Ronald Ross and Macdonald are credited with developing a mathematical model of mosquito-borne pathogen transmission. A systematic historical review suggests that several mathematicians and scientists contributed to development of the Ross-Macdonald model over a period of 70 years. The Ross-Macdonald model has since played a central role in the development of research on mosquito-borne pathogen transmission and strategies for mosquito-borne disease prevention.
Personal life
In 1932, Macdonald married Mary Hetherington (1907 – 1987), daughter of civil engineer Roger Gaskell Hetherington. Together they had three children.
External links
- R0: How Scientists Quantify the Intensity of an Outbreak Like Coronavirus and Its Pandemic Potential https://sph.umich.edu/pursuit/2020posts/how-scientists-quantify-outbreaks.html
- Wellcome collection of papers https://wellcomecollection.org/works/rk2vep9w
- Macdonald, George; Foll, Cecil V.; Cuellar, Caton B.; Organization, World Health (1967). The potential value of mass treatment in malaria eradication. World Health Organization. hdl:10665/65417.
- MacDonald, George; Cuellar, Caton B.; Foll, Cecil V.; Organization, World Health (1967). The use of computer models in the analysis of a malaria situation. World Health Organization. hdl:10665/65425.
- Smith, David L.; Battle, Katherine E.; Hay, Simon I.; Barker, Christopher M.; Scott, Thomas W.; McKenzie, F. Ellis (5 April 2012). "Ross, Macdonald, and a Theory for the Dynamics and Control of Mosquito-Transmitted Pathogens". PLOS Pathogens. 8 (4): e1002588. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002588. PMC 3320609. PMID 22496640.
- Macdonald, George; Cuellar, Caton B; Foll, Cecil V. (1968). "The dynamics of malaria". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 38 (5): 743–55. PMC 2554677. PMID 5303328.
- Smith, David L.; Battle, Katherine E.; Hay, Simon I.; Barker, Christopher M.; Scott, Thomas W.; McKenzie, F. Ellis (5 April 2012). "Ross, Macdonald, and a Theory for the Dynamics and Control of Mosquito-Transmitted Pathogens". PLOS Pathogens. 8 (4): e1002588. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002588. PMC 3320609. PMID 22496640.
- MacDonald, George (1957). The Epidemiology & Control of Malaria, George MacDonald (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. ASIN B002OCQ8VM.
- Epidemiologic Models in Studies of Vector-Borne Diseases http://ceadserv1.nku.edu/longa//haiti/malaria/pubhealthreporig00105-0023.pdf
- The National Archive Catalogue https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/e90fa733-ded3-40ed-a53d-38173305dc1f