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Hyperaccumulators table – 3
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    Hyperaccumulators table – 3

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    This list covers hyperaccumulators, plant species which accumulate, or are tolerant of radionuclides (Cd, Cs-137, Co, Pu-238, Ra, Sr, U-234, 235, 238), hydrocarbons and organic solvents (Benzene, BTEX, DDT, Dieldrin, Endosulfan, Fluoranthene, MTBE, PCB, PCNB, TCE and by-products), and inorganic solvents (Potassium ferrocyanide).

    See also:

    hyperaccumulators and contaminants: Radionuclides, Hydrocarbons and Organic Solvents – accumulation rates
    Contaminant Accumulation rates (in mg/kg of dry weight) Latin name English name H-Hyperaccumulator or A-Accumulator P-Precipitator T-Tolerant Notes Sources
    Cd Athyrium yokoscense (Japanese false spleenwort?) Cd(A), Cu(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) Origin Japan
    Cd >100 Avena strigosa Schreb. New-Oat
    Lopsided Oat or Bristle Oat
    Cd H- Bacopa monnieri Smooth Water Hyssop, Waterhyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola, Water hyssop Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A) Origin India; aquatic emergent species
    Cd Brassicaceae Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage family Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H) Phytoextraction
    Cd A- Brassica juncea L. Indian mustard Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H) cultivated
    Cd H- Vallisneria americana Tape Grass Cr(A), Cu(H), Pb(H) Origins Europe and N. Africa; extensively cultivated in the aquarium trade
    Cd >100 Crotalaria juncea Sunn or sunn hemp High amounts of total soluble phenolics
    Cd H- Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U and pesticides Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'
    Cd Helianthus annuus Sunflower Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration
    Cd H- Hydrilla verticillata Hydrilla Cr(A), Hg(H), Pb(H)
    Cd H- Lemna minor Duckweed Pb(H), Cu(H), Zn(A) Native to North America and widespread
    Cd T- Pistia stratiotes Water lettuce Cu(T), Hg(H), Cr(H) Pantropical, Origin South U.S.A.; aquatic herb
    Cd Salix viminalis L. Common Osier, Basket Willow Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)
    Cd Spirodela polyrhiza Giant Duckweed Cr(H), Pb(H), Ni(H), Zn(A) Native to North America
    Cd >100 Tagetes erecta L. African-tall Tolerance only. Lipid peroxidation level increases; activities of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase are depressed.
    Cd Thlaspi caerulescens Alpine pennycress Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) Phytoextraction. Its rhizosphere's bacterial population is less dense than with Trifolium pratense but richer in specific metal-resistant bacteria.
    Cd 1000 Vallisneria spiralis Eel grass 37 records of plants; origin India
    Cs-137 Acer rubrum, Acer pseudoplatanus Red maple, Sycamore maple Pu-238, Sr-90 Leaves: much less uptake in Larch and Sycamore maple than in Spruce.
    Cs-137 Agrostis spp. Agrostis spp. Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides
    Cs-137 up to 3000 Bq kg-1 Amaranthus retroflexus ( cv. Belozernii, aureus, Pt-95) Redroot Amaranth Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H) Phytoextraction. Can accumulate radionuclides, ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents. Maximum concentration is reached after 35 days of growth.
    Cs-137 Brassicaceae Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage family Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H) Phytoextraction. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents.
    Cs-137 Brassica juncea Indian mustard Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs-137 in his roots than in the biomass above ground Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents.
    Cs-137 Cerastium fontanum Big Chickweed Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides
    Cs-137 Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae, Kail? and/or Salsola? Beet, Quinoa, Russian thistle Sr-90, Cs-137 Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides
    Cs-137 Cocos nucifera Coconut palm Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
    Cs-137 Eichhornia crassipes Water hyacinth U, Sr (high % uptake within a few days). Also Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb, Zn(A) and pesticides.
    Cs-137 Eragrostis bahiensis
    (Eragrostis)
    Bahia lovegrass Glomus mosseae as amendment. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution.
    Cs-137 Eucalyptus tereticornis Forest redgum Sr-90 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
    Cs-137 Festuca arundinacea Tall fescue Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides
    Cs-137 Festuca rubra Fescue Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides
    Cs-137 Glomus mosseae as chelating agent
    (Glomus (fungus))
    Mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae as amendment. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution.
    Cs-137 Glomus intradices
    (Glomus (fungus))
    Mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae as chelating agent. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution.
    Cs-137 4900-8600 Helianthus annuus Sunflower U, Sr (high % uptake within a few days) Accumulates up to 8 times more Cs-137 than timothy or foxtail. Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs-137 in his roots than in the biomass above ground.
    Cs-137 Larix Larch Leaves: much less uptake in Larch and Sycamore maple than in Spruce. 20% of the translocated caesium into new leaves resulted from root-uptake 2.5 years after the Chernobyl accident.
    Cs-137 Liquidambar styraciflua American Sweet Gum Pu-238, Sr-90 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
    Cs-137 Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip tree Pu-238, Sr-90 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
    Cs-137 Lolium multiflorum Italian Ryegrass Sr Mycorrhizae: accumulates much more Cs-137 and Sr-90 when grown in Sphagnum peat than in any other medium incl. Clay, sand, silt and compost.
    Cs-137 Lolium perenne Perennial ryegrass Can accumulate radionuclides
    Cs-137 Panicum virgatum Switchgrass
    Cs-137 Phaseolus acutifolius Tepary Beans Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H) Phytoextraction. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents
    Cs-137 Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed canary grass Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H) Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents. Phytoextraction
    Cs-137 Picea abies Spruce Conc. about 25-times higher in bark compared to wood, 1.5–4.7 times higher in directly contaminated twig-axes than in leaves.
    Cs-137 Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa Monterey Pine, Ponderosa pine Sr-90. Also petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (Pinus spp. Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides.
    Cs-137 Sorghum halepense Johnson Grass
    Cs-137 Trifolium repens White Clover Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides
    Cs-137 H Zea mays Corn High absorption rate. Accumulates radionuclides. Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs137 in his roots than in the biomass above ground.
    Co 1000 to 4304 Haumaniastrum robertii
    (Lamiaceae)
    Copper flower 27 records of plants; origin Africa. Vernacular name: 'copper flower'. This species' phanerogamme has the highest cobalt content. Its distribution could be governed by cobalt rather than copper.
    Co H- Thlaspi caerulescens Alpine pennycress Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) Phytoextraction
    Pu-238 Acer rubrum Red maple Cs-137, Sr-90 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
    Pu-238 Liquidambar styraciflua American Sweet Gum Cs-137, Sr-90 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
    Pu-238 Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip tree Cs-137, Sr-90 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
    Ra No reports found for accumulation
    Sr Acer rubrum Red maple Cs-137, Pu-238 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
    Sr Brassicaceae Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage family Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Zn(H) Phytoextraction
    Sr Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae, Kail? and/or Salsola? Beet, Quinoa, Russian thistle Sr-90, Cs-137 Can accumulate radionuclides
    Sr Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cs-137, U-234, 235, 238. Also Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb, Zn(A) and pesticides. In pH of 9, accumulates high concentrations of Sr-90 with approx. 80 to 90% of it in its roots
    Sr Eucalyptus tereticornis Forest redgum Cs-137 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
    Sr H-? Helianthus annuus Sunflower Accumulates radionuclides; high absorption rate. Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration
    Sr Liquidambar styraciflua American Sweet Gum Cs-137, Pu-238 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
    Sr Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip tree Cs-137, Pu-238 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
    Sr Lolium multiflorum Italian Ryegrass Cs Mycorrhizae: accumulates much more Cs-137 and Sr-90 when grown in Sphagnum peat than in any other medium incl. clay, sand, silt and compost.
    Sr 1.5-4.5 % in their shoots Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa Monterey Pine, Ponderosa pine Petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cs-137 Phytocontainment. Accumulate 1.5-4.5 % of Sr-90 in their shoots.
    Sr Apiaceae (a.k.a. Umbelliferae) Carrot or parsley family Species most capable of accumulating radionuclides
    Sr Fabaceae (a.k.a. Leguminosae) Legume, pea, or bean family Species most capable of accumulating radionuclides
    U Amaranthus Amaranth Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), Zn(H) Citric acid chelating agent and see note. Cs: maximum concentration is reached after 35 days of growth.
    U Brassica juncea, Brassica chinensis, Brassica narinosa Cabbage family Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), Zn(H) Citric acid chelating agent increases uptake 1000 times, and see note
    U-234, 235, 238 Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cs-137, Sr-90. Also Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb, Zn(A), and pesticides.
    U-234, 235, 238 95% of U in 24 hours. Helianthus annuus Sunflower Accumulates radionuclides; At a contaminated wastewater site in Ashtabula, Ohio, 4 wk-old splants can remove more than 95% of uranium in 24 hours. Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration.
    U Juniperus Juniper Accumulates (radionuclides) U in his roots
    U Picea mariana Black Spruce Accumulates (radionuclides) U in his twigs
    U Quercus Oak Accumulates (radionuclides) U in his roots
    U Kail? and/or Salsola? Russian thistle (tumble weed)
    U Salix viminalis Common Osier Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, Zn (S. viminalis); potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)
    U Silene vulgaris (a.k.a. "Silene cucubalus) Bladder campion
    U Zea mays Maize
    U A-?
    Radionuclides Tradescantia bracteata Spiderwort Indicator for radionuclides: the stamens (normally blue or blue-purple) become pink when exposed to radionuclides
    Benzene Chlorophytum comosum spider plant
    Benzene Ficus elastica rubber fig, rubber bush, rubber tree, rubber plant, or Indian rubber bush
    Benzene Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Kalanchoe seems to take benzene selectively over toluene.
    Benzene Pelargonium x domesticum Germanium
    BTEX Phanerochaete chrysosporium White rot fungus DDT, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCP Phytostimulation
    DDT Phanerochaete chrysosporium White rot fungus BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCP Phytostimulation
    Dieldrin Phanerochaete chrysosporium White rot fungus DDT, BTEX, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCP Phytostimulation
    Endosulfan Phanerochaete chrysosporium White rot fungus DDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, PCP, Pentachloronitro-benzène Phytostimulation
    Fluoranthene Cyclotella caspia Cyclotella caspia Approximate rate of biodegradation on 1st day: 35%; on 6th day: 85% (rate of physical degradation 5.86% only).
    Hydrocarbons Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Bermuda grass Mean petroleum hydrocarbons reduction of 68% after 1 year
    Hydrocarbons Festuca arundinacea Tall fescue Mean petroleum hydrocarbons reduction of 62% after 1 year
    Hydrocarbons Pinus spp. Pine spp. Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products. Also Cs-137, Sr-90 Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)
    Hydrocarbons Salix spp. Osier spp. Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)
    MTBE Pinus spp. Pine spp. Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, TCE and by-products. Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa) Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)
    MTBE Salix spp. Osier spp. Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) Phytoextraction, phytocontainment. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)
    Organic solvents Pinus spp. Pine spp. Petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products. Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa) Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)
    Organic solvents Salix spp. Osier spp. Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) Phytoextraction. phytocontainment . Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)
    Organic solvents Pinus spp. Pine spp. Petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products. Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa) Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)
    Organic solvents Salix spp. Osier spp. Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) Phytoextraction. phytocontainment . Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)
    PCNB Phanerochaete chrysosporium White rot fungus DDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, PCP Phytostimulation
    Potassium ferrocyanide 8.64% to 15.67% of initial mass Salix babylonica L. Weeping Willow Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (Salix spp.); Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). No ferrocyanide in air from plant transpiration. A large fraction of initial mass was metabolized during transport within the plant.
    Potassium ferrocyanide 8.64% to 15.67% of initial mass Salix matsudana Koidz, Salix matsudana Koidz x Salix alba L. Hankow Willow, Hybrid Willow Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (Salix spp.); Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis). No ferrocyanide in air from plant transpiration.
    PCB Rosa spp. Paul’s Scarlet Rose Phytodegradation
    PCP Phanerochaete chrysosporium White rot fungus DDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzène Phytostimulation
    TCE Chlorophytum comosum spider plant Seems to lower the removal rates of benzene and methane.
    TCE and by-products Pinus spp. Pine spp. Petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE. Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa) Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)
    TCE and by-products Salix spp. Osier spp. Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) Phytoextraction, phytocontainment. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)
    Musa (genus) Banana tree Extra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration.
    Cyperus papyrus Papyrus Extra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration
    Taros Extra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration
    Brugmansia spp. Angel's trumpet Semi-anaerobic, good for rhizofiltration
    Caladium Caladium Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration
    Caltha palustris Marsh marigold Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration
    Iris pseudacorus Yellow Flag, paleyellow iris Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration
    Mentha aquatica Water Mint Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration
    Scirpus lacustris Bulrush Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration
    Typha latifolia Broadleaf cattail Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration
    • Uranium: The symbol for Uranium is sometimes given as Ur instead of U. According to Ulrich Schmidt and others, plants' concentration of uranium is considerably increased by an application of citric acid, which solubilizes the uranium (and other metals).
    • Radionuclides: Cs-137 and Sr-90 are not removed from the top 0.4 meters of soil even under high rainfall, and migration rate from the top few centimeters of soil is slow.
    • Radionuclides: Plants with mycorrhizal associations are often more effective than non-mycorrhizal plants at the uptake of radionuclides.
    • Radionuclides: In general, soils containing higher amounts of organic matter will allow plants to accumulate higher amounts of radionuclides. See also note on Lolium multiflorum in Paasikallio 1984. Plant uptake is also increased with a higher cation exchange capacity for Sr-90 availability, and a lower base saturation for uptake of both Sr-90 and Cs-137.
    • Radionuclides: Fertilizing the soil with nitrogen if needed will indirectly increase the take-up of radionuclides by generally boosting the plant's overall growth and more specifically roots' growth. But some fertilizers such as K or Ca compete with the radionuclides for cation exchange sites, and will not increase the take-up of radionuclides.
    • Radionuclides: Zhu and Smolders, lab test: Cs uptake is mostly influenced by K supply. The uptake of radiocaesium depends mainly on two transport pathways on plant root cell membranes: the K+ transporter and the K+ channel pathway. Cs is likely transported by the K+ transport system. When external concentration of K is limited to low levels, le K+ transporter shows little discrimination against Cs+; if K supply is high, the K+ channel is dominant and shows high discrimination against Cs+. Caesium is very mobile within the plant, but the ratio Cs/K is not uniform within the plant. Phytoremediation as a possible option for the decontamination of caesium-contaminated soils is limited mainly by that it takes tens of years and creates large volumes of waste.
    • Alpine pennycress or Alpine Pennygrass is found as Alpine Pennycrest in (some books).
    • The references are so far mostly from academic trial papers, experiments and generally of exploration of that field.
    • Radionuclides: Broadley and Willey find that across 30 taxa studied, Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae show the strongest correlation between Rb (K) and Cs concentration. The fast-growing Chenopodiaceae discriminate approx. 9 times less between Rb and Cs than the slow-growingGramineae, and this correlate with highest and lowest concentrations achieved respectively.
    • Caesium: In Chernobyl-derived radioactivity, the amount of contamination is dependent on the roughness of bark, absolute bark surface and the existence of leaves during the deposition. The major contamination of the shoots is from direct deposition on the trees.

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