Itō Genboku (伊東 玄朴, 11 February 1801 – 2 January 1871) was a Japanese surgeon and Rangaku expert living during the late Edo period and early Meiji era. He was the first surgeon to give a cowpox vaccine in Japan, between 1858 and 1860.
Itō Genboku's offices were later expanded into the foundations of the incipient University of Tokyo Institute of Medical Science.