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List of foodborne illness outbreaks by death toll
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    List of foodborne illness outbreaks by death toll

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    This is a list of foodborne illness outbreaks by death toll, caused by infectious disease, heavy metals, chemical contamination, or from natural toxins, such as those found in poisonous mushrooms. Before modern microbiology, foodbourne illness was not understood, and, from the mid 1800s to early-mid 1900s, was perceived as Ptomaine Poisoning, caused by a fundamental flaw in understanding how it worked. While the medical establishment ditched Ptomaine theory by the 30s, it remained the public conscience until the late 60s and early 70s. Proper noting of such events only properly started after the Bon Vivant Outbreak of 1971, and was still limited in scope, thereby it was highly likely many large scale outbreaks from the 60s or earlier occurred, but were poorly documented and may have gone unnoticed, as even after the Bon Vivant case, prior to the 92-93 Jack in the Box Outbreak, many outbreaks were not widely reported. As such, the majority of entries on this list post-date that outbreak.

    List by agent

    Year Event Agent Food Company Infected Deaths Notes
    2017–2018. 2017–18 South African listeriosis outbreak Listeria Processed meat Enterprise Foods 1,060 216 A widespread Listeria monocytogenes outbreak from contaminated Deli meats from Enterprise Foods a subsidiary of Tiger Brands. It is the world's worst listeria outbreak.
    2011 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak E. coli O104:H4 fenugreek sprouts >3,950 53 Deadliest bacterial foodborne outbreak in Europe. Deadliest E. coli outbreak.
    1985 1985 California listeriosis outbreak in cheese Listeria queso fresco Jalisco Cheese >86 47 or 52 Deadliest bacterial foodborne outbreak in US.
    2011 2011 United States listeriosis outbreak in cantaloupes Listeria cantaloupe Jensen Farms 146 30 Second deadliest bacterial foodborne outbreak in US. Second deadliest Listeria outbreak.
    2008 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak Listeria cold cuts Maple Leaf Foods >50 22 Deadliest foodborne outbreak in Canada.
    1996 1996 Wishaw (Scotland) E. coli outbreak E. coli O157 meat John Barr 496 21 At the time the world's deadliest outbreak of E. coli poisoning. Butchers John M. Barr & Son provided cooked meat products to several events including a birthday party and a pensioners' luncheon club. The source of the contamination was traced to a boiler used for cooking joints and stew, and a vacuum packing machine used for cooked and raw meats. Deadliest Outbreak of the 0157 strain
    1998 1998 United States listeriosis outbreak Listeria cold cuts and hot dogs Bil Mar Foods >100 18 or 21
    2008-2009 2008–2009 Chile listeriosis outbreak Listeria Cecina, sausages, cheese and other dairy products Doñihue Limitada 164 16
    2014 2013–2014 Danish listeriosis outbreak Listeria Spiced lamb roll, pork, sausages, bacon, liver pâté etc. Jørn A. Rullepølser > 37 15 Deadliest foodborne outbreak in Denmark.
    1985 1985 United States salmonellosis outbreak in milk Salmonella milk Hillfarm Dairy 5,295 9 Largest foodborne salmonella outbreak in milk.
    2008 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak in peanuts Salmonella peanuts Peanut Corporation of America >200 9 Largest foodborne salmonella outbreak in peanut butter. One of the largest food recalls in United States history.
    2002 2002 United States listeriosis outbreak in poultry Listeria poultry Pilgrim's Pride >50 8
    2015–present European listeriosis outbreak (2015–present) Listeria monocytogenes Frozen corn suspected Hungarian supplier → Hungarian processing company → Polish storage service → Polish packer 32 6 As of 8 March 2018, the ongoing outbreak has affected five European Union countries:
    • Austria: 2 confirmed cases (1 fatal)
    • Denmark: 4 confirmed cases (1 fatal)
    • Finland: 14 confirmed cases (2 fatal)
    • Sweden: 6 confirmed cases (2 fatal)
    • United Kingdom: 6 confirmed cases (no fatalities)
    1994 Salmonella in ice cream Salmonella ice cream Schwan's Sales Enterprises 224,000 0 An estimated that 224,000 people across the United States suffered from Salmonella enteritidis gastroenteritis after eating Schwan's ice cream when raw, unpasteurized eggs were hauled in a tanker truck that later carried pasteurized ice cream to the Schwan's plant, and the ice cream premix wasn't pasteurized after delivery to the plant.
    1992 - 1993 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak E. coli O157:H7 undercooked hamburgers Jack in the Box >700 4 First deadly foodborne E. coli O157:H7 outbreak.
    2003 2003 United States hepatitis A outbreak Hepatitis A green onions 555 3 Largest foodborne hepatitis outbreak.
    2006 2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreak in spinach E. coli O157:H7 spinach Dole Foods >205 3
    1963 1963 botulism case from canned tuna Botulism canned tuna A&P 2
    1922 1922 Loch Maree botulism outbreak Botulism Duck paste Lazenby's 8 8 Six guests and two staff members at the Loch Maree Hotel in Scotland were fatally poisoned by sandwiches made with Botulinus-contaminated duck paste. This was the first incident in the UK in which botulism was conclusively identified as the cause and remains the only large incident of microbial food contamination in the UK with 100% reported fatalities.
    1971 1971 botulism case from Bon Vivant soup Botulism vichyssoise soup Bon Vivant Company 2 1
    1996 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak E. coli O157:H7 unpasteurized apple juice Odwalla 66 1 Unpasteurized juice sold for the health market. Rotten apples used when safety officer was overruled.
    2005 2005 South Wales E. coli O157 outbreak E. coli O157 meat local butcher 157 1 Largest E. coli outbreak in Wales. Second largest E. coli outbreak in UK.
    2017 2017 Valley Oak Nacho Cheese Botulism outbreak Botulism nacho cheese gas station 10 1 A poorly maintained nacho cheese machine lead to the contamination of the cheese and the sicking of 10 people with botulism, one of whom later died.

    By chemical contamination

    Year Event Food Contaminant Location Affected Deaths Notes
    1971 1971 Iraq poison grain disaster wheat, barley methylmercury Iraq >650 650 Seeds treated with methylmercury as a fungicide for planting were used as food
    1981 1981 Spain rapeseed oil toxicity rapeseed oil possibly aniline Spain ~25,000 600 Industrial oil sold as food oil.
    1955 Morinaga milk arsenic poisoning Powdered milk arsenic Japan 13,389 >600 By mistake, an industrial grade Monosodium phosphate was added to milk produced by Morinaga Milk Industry, which contained an impurity of 5–8% arsenic. The milk powder was used for feeding infants, and many babies were poisoned. By 1981, there were still >6,000 people affected as adults with severe mental retardation and other health effects; and by 2006, >600 adults remained affected.
    1900 1900 English beer poisoning beer arsenic England >6,000 >70 Arsenic was introduced into beer via contaminated sugar. Outbreak made worse by mass-misdiagnosis of the victims' illnesses.
    1858 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning candy arsenic trioxide England ~200 20 Arsenic was accidentally sold as "daft". Daft was a standard adulterant to bulk up the candy
    2005 Mabini food poisoning incident fritters carbamate Philippines ~100 28 Pesticide ingredient was believed to have been inadvertently mixed with cassava flour used in making the snacks which were then sold to schoolchildren
    2008 2008 Chinese milk scandal milk melamine and urea China >300,000 6 Milk diluted with water then melamine added to fool the test for protein content

    See also


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