List of IARC Group 1 Agents - Carcinogenic to humans

Substances, mixtures, and exposure circumstances in this list have been classified as group 1 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

Agents

Infectious conditions

Viruses

• Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with)
• Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I
• Human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59
• Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection with)
• Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with)
• Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus
• Epstein–Barr virus

Bacterium

• Helicobacter pylori (infection with)

Worms

• Clonorchis sinensis (infection with)
• Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with)
• Schistosoma haematobium (infection with)

Chemical substances

• Acetaldehyde associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages
• Aflatoxins
• 4-Aminobiphenyl
• Aristolochic acids, and plants containing them
• Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds
• Asbestos (all forms, including actinolite, amosite, anthophyllite, chrysotile, crocidolite, tremolite)
• Azathioprine
• Benzene
• Benzidine, and dyes metabolized to
• Benzo[a]pyrene
• Beryllium and beryllium compounds
• 1,3-Butadiene
• 1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate (Busulphan, Myleran)
• Cadmium and cadmium compounds
• Carbadox (methyl N-[(E)-(1,4-dioxidoquinoxaline-1,4-diium-2-yl)methylideneamino]carbamate) – GHS Category 1B Carcinogen
• Chlornapazine (N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine)
• Chlorambucil
• Bis(chloromethyl)ether
• Chloromethyl methyl ether
• Chromium(VI) (Hexavalent chromium) compounds
• Ciclosporin
• Cyclophosphamide
• 1,2-Dichloropropane
• Diethylstilboestrol
• Ethanol in alcoholic beverages
• Erionite
• Ethylene oxide
• Etoposide alone, and in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin
• Fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole
• Formaldehyde
• Gallium arsenide
• Lindane
• Melphalan
• Methoxsalen (8-Methoxypsoralen) plus ultraviolet A radiation
• 4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA)
• MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents
• Mustard gas (Sulfur mustard)
• 2-Naphthylamine
• Nickel compounds
• 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)
• N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN)
• 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
• 3,4,5,3’,4’-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126)
• Pentachlorophenol
• Polychlorinated biphenyls
• Semustine [1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, Methyl-CCNU]
• Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite
• Tamoxifen
• 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
• Thiotepa (1,1',1"-Phosphinothioylidynetrisaziridine)
• Treosulfan
• Trichloroethylene
• o-Toluidine
• Vinyl chloride

Radiations and physical agents thereof

• Ionizing radiation (all types)
• Neutron radiation
• Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100-400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC)
• Solar radiation
• X-ray and gamma radiation
• Phosphorus-32, as phosphate
• Plutonium
• Radioiodines, including iodine-131
• Radionuclides, α-particle-emitting, internally deposited
• Radionuclides, β-particle-emitting, internally deposited
• Radium-224 and its decay products
• Radium-226 and its decay products
• Radium-228 and its decay products
• Radon-222 and its decay products
• Thorium-232 and its decay products

Complex mixtures/agents

• Aflatoxins (naturally occurring mixtures of)
• Outdoor air pollution
• Outdoor air pollution, particulate matter in
• Alcoholic beverages
• Areca nut
• Betel quid with tobacco
• Betel quid without tobacco
• Coal-tar pitch
• Coal-tars (see Coal-tar distillation)
• Engine exhaust, diesel
• Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy (combined)
• Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined)
• Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal
• Fission products, including strontium-90
• Leather dust
• Mineral oils, untreated or mildly treated
• Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing
• Plants containing aristolochic acid
• Polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin-like, with a Toxicity Equivalency Factor (TEF) according to WHO (PCBs 77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169, 189)
• Processed meat (consumption of)
• Salted fish, Chinese-style
• Shale-oils
• Soot (as found in occupational exposure of chimney sweeps)
• Wood dust

Exposure circumstances

• Acheson process, occupational exposure associated with
• Acid mists, strong inorganic
• Aluminium production
• Auramine production
• Boot and shoe manufacture and repair (see Leather dust, Benzene)
• Chimney sweeping (see Soot)
• Coal gasification
• Coal, indoor emissions from household combustion of
• Coal-tar distillation
• Coke production
• Furniture and cabinet making (see Wood dust)
• Haematite mining (underground)
• Iron and steel founding (occupational exposure during)
• Isopropyl alcohol manufacture using strong acids
• Magenta production
• Opium consumption
• Painter (occupational exposure as a)
• Paving and roofing with coal-tar pitch (see Coal-tar pitch)
• Rubber manufacturing industry
• Tobacco, smokeless
• Tobacco smoke, second-hand
• Tobacco smoking
• Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices
• Welding fumes

See also

• IARC group 2A
• IARC group 2B
• IARC group 3

External links

• Description of the list of classifications, IARC
  • List of Classifications (latest version)
  • List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, Volumes 1 to 124 (Last update: 8 July 2019)
  • Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–123 (Last update: 25 March 2019)