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Greenhouse gas
Trichlorofluoromethane
Другие языки:

Trichlorofluoromethane

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Trichlorofluoromethane
Trichlorofluoromethane-2D.svg
Trichlorofluoromethane-3D-vdW.png
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Trichloro(fluoro)methane
Other names
Trichlorofluoromethane
Fluorotrichloromethane
Fluorochloroform
Freon 11
CFC 11
R 11
Arcton 9
Freon 11A
Freon 11B
Freon HE
Freon MF
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.812
EC Number
  • 200-892-3
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • PB6125000
UNII
  • InChI=1S/CCl3F/c2-1(3,4)5 checkY
    Key: CYRMSUTZVYGINF-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/CCl3F/c2-1(3,4)5
  • C(F)(Cl)(Cl)Cl
  • ClC(Cl)(Cl)F
Properties
CCl3F
Molar mass 137.36 g·mol−1
Appearance Colorless liquid/gas
Odor nearly odorless
Density 1.494 g/cm3
Melting point −110.48 °C (−166.86 °F; 162.67 K)
Boiling point 23.77 °C (74.79 °F; 296.92 K)
1.1 g/L (at 20 °C)
log P 2.53
Vapor pressure 89 kPa at 20 °C
131 kPa at 30 °C
Thermal conductivity 0.0079 W m−1 K−1 (gas at 300 K, ignoring pressure dependence)
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS07: Exclamation mark
Warning
H420
P502
Flash point Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
26,200 ppm (rat, 4 hr)
100,000 ppm (rat, 20 min)
100,000 ppm (rat, 2 hr)
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 TWA 1000 ppm (5600 mg/m3)
REL (Recommended)
 C 1000 ppm (5600 mg/m3)
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 2000 ppm
Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 0047
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
checkY verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Trichlorofluoromethane, also called freon-11, CFC-11, or R-11, is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). It is a colorless, faintly ethereal, and sweetish-smelling liquid that boils around room temperature. CFC-11 is a Class 1 ozone-depleting substance which damages Earth's protective stratospheric ozone layer.

Historical use

Trichlorofluoromethane was first widely used as a refrigerant. Because of its high boiling point (compared to most refrigerants), it can be used in systems with a low operating pressure, making the mechanical design of such systems less demanding than that of higher-pressure refrigerants R-12 or R-22.

Trichlorofluoromethane is used as a reference compound for fluorine-19 NMR studies.

Trichlorofluoromethane was formerly used in the drinking bird novelty, largely because it has a boiling point of 23.77 °C (74.79 °F). The replacement, dichloromethane, boiling point 39.6 °C (103.3 °F), requires a higher ambient temperature to work.

Prior to the knowledge of the ozone depletion potential of chlorine in refrigerants and other possible harmful effects on the environment, trichlorofluoromethane was sometimes used as a cleaning/rinsing agent for low-pressure systems.

Production moratorium

Trichlorofluoromethane was included in the production moratorium agreed in the Montreal Protocol of 1987. It is assigned an ozone depletion potential of 1.0, and U.S. production was ended on January 1, 1996.

Regulatory challenges

In 2018, the atmospheric concentration of CFC-11 was noted by researchers to be declining more slowly than expected, and it subsequently emerged that it remains in widespread use as a blowing agent for polyurethane foam insulation in the construction industry of China. In 2021, researchers announced that emissions declined by 20,000 U.S. tons from 2018 to 2019, which mostly reversed the previous spike in emissions. In 2022, the European Commission announced an updated regulation that mandates the recovery and prevention of emissions of CFC-11 blowing agents from foam insulation in demolition waste, which is still emitted at significant scale from building demolition waste.

Dangers

R11, like most chlorofluoroalkanes, forms phosgene gas when exposed to a naked flame.

Gallery

  • CFC-11 measured by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in parts-per-trillion.

    CFC-11 measured by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in parts-per-trillion.

  • Hemispheric and Global mean concentrations of CFC-11 (NOAA/ESRL)

    Hemispheric and Global mean concentrations of CFC-11 (NOAA/ESRL)

  • Time-series of atmospheric concentrations of CFC-11 (Walker et al., 2000)

    Time-series of atmospheric concentrations of CFC-11 (Walker et al., 2000)

  • "Present day" (1990s) sea surface CFC-11 concentration

    "Present day" (1990s) sea surface CFC-11 concentration

  • "Present day" (1990s) CFC-11 oceanic vertical inventory

    "Present day" (1990s) CFC-11 oceanic vertical inventory

See also

External links


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