 |
| Immunology |
|---|
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to immunology:
Immunology is the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.
Essence of immunology
- Branch of Biomedical science
- Immune system
- Immunity
- Branches of immunology:
1. General Immunology 2. Basic Immunology 3. Advanced Immunology 4. Medical Immunology 5. Pharmaceutical Immunology 9. Clinical Immunology 6. Environmental Immunology 8. Cellular and Molecular Immunology 9. Food and Agricultural Immunology
- Classical immunology
- Clinical immunology
- Computational immunology
- Diagnostic immunology
- Evolutionary immunology
- Systems immunology
- Immunomics
- Immunoproteomics
- Immunophysics
- Immunochemistry
- Ecoimmunology
- Immunopathology
- Nutritional immunology
- Psychoneuroimmunology
- Reproductive immunology
- Circadian immunology
- Immunotoxicology
- Palaeoimmunology
- Tissue-based immunology
History of immunology
General immunological concepts
-
- Immunity against:
- Intrinsic immunity
- Leukocyte extravasation
- Cross-presentation
- Immune repertoire
- Original antigenic sin
- Antigen presentation
- Immunological synapse
- Co-stimulation
Components of the immune system
Adaptive immune system
-
-
-
- Kinds of antibodies
- Classification
- Functions
- Regions
-
-
Innate immune system
-
- Surface barriers – Physical or chemical barriers that prevent infection (i.e. skin, tears, mucus, saliva, Gastric acid, etc.)
- Positive
- Negative
Organs of the immune system
Primary lymphoid organs
- Thymus - Site of T cell maturation
- Bone marrow - Site of haematopoiesis and B cell maturation
Secondary lymphoid organs
Cells of the immune system
Myeloid cells
-
-
- Histiocytes (Tissue resident macrophages)
- Adipose tissue macrophages
- Kupffer cell - Liver
- Alveolar macrophage (Dust cell) - Lung
- Langerhans cell - Skin
- Dermal macrophage - Dermis
- Microglia - CNS
- Perivascular macrophage
- Meningeal macrophage - Meninges
- Hofbauer cell - Placenta
- Osteoclasts - Bone
- Bone marrow macrophage - Bone marrow
- Marginal zone macrophage - Spleen
- Metallophilic macrophage - Spleen
- Red pulp macrophage - Splenic red pulp
- Tingible body macrophage (White pulp macrophage) - Splenic white pulp
- Epithelioid cells
- Bone marrow-derived macrophages - Generated in vitro
-
Lymphoid cells
-
B cells
- Plasma B cells
- Memory B cells
- B-1 cells
- B-2 cells (the conventional B cells most texts refer to)
- Marginal-zone B cells
- Follicular B cells
-
T cells
- Naive T cells
-
Helper T cells - Commonly termed CD4+ T cells
- Th1 cells
- Th2 cells
- Th3 cells
- Th17 cells
- TFH cells - Follicular helper T cells
- Cytotoxic T cells - Commonly termed CD8+ T cells
- Memory T cells
- Regulatory T cells
- Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells)
- γδ T cells
- Mucosal associated invariant T cells
-
Innate lymphoid cells (ILC)
-
Group 1 ILC
- Natural killer cells (NK cells)
- Group 2 ILC
-
Group 3 ILC
- Lymphoid Tissue inducer cells (LTi cells)
-
Group 1 ILC
-
B cells
Others
- (Non-hematopoietic cells with immune functions)
- Epithelial cells
- Pericytes
- Microfold cells (M cells)
Hematopoiesis
-
-
- Common myeloid progenitor (CFU-GEMM)
-
- Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor (CFU-GM)
-
-
- Monoblast (CFU-M)
- CFU-DL - Dendritic cell / Langerhans cell precursor
-
- CFU-Baso (Basophil precursor)
- CFU-Eos (Eosinophil precursor)
- Megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell (MEP)
Molecules of the immune system
Immune receptors
Antigen receptors
-
-
- Antigen receptor - B cell receptor (BCR)
- Subunits- Immunoglobulin heavy chain / Immunoglobulin light chain
- Co-receptors
- Accessory molecule (CD79)
-
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
-
- C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)
-
- Group 1 CLRs - Mannose receptors
-
- Group 2 CLRs - Asialoglycoprotein receptor family
- Dectin 1 subfamily
- DCIR subfamily
-
- Class A - Trimers
-
- Class B - Two transmembrane domains
- Others
- Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)
-
-
- NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
-
- NLRA (A for acidic transactivating domain)
- NLRB (B for BIR, or Inhibitor of apoptosis domain)
- NLRC (C for CARD domain)
-
- NLRP (P for Pyrin domain)
-
-
- NLRX
- RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) - Intracellular sensors of viral replication by direct interaction with dsRNA
-
-
-
- Complement system (see complement proteins section)
- Collectins
- Mannan-binding lectin (MBL)
- Surfactant protein A (SP-A)
- Surfactant protein D (SP-D)
- CL-L1
- CL-P1
- CL-K1
Complement receptors
-
- CR1 (CD35)
- CR2 (CD21)
- CR3 - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18
- CR4 - Heterodimer: CD11c / CD18
- CRIg (Complement receptor of the immunoglobulin family)
- Anaphylatoxin receptors
- C3a receptor
- C5a receptor (CD88)
- C5AR2
Fc receptors
-
- Fc-gamma receptors (FcγR)
- Fc-alpha receptors (FcαR)
- Fc-epsilon receptors (FcεR)
- Secreted Fc receptors
- Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (poly-Ig)
Cytokine receptors
-
- Type I cytokine receptors (Hemopoietin receptors) - Share extracellular WSXWS motif, Grouped by common receptor subunits
-
- Common gamma chain (γ-chain, CD132)
- Common beta chain (β-chain, CD131)
- Common gp130 subunit (gp130, CD130)
- IL12 receptor beta 1 subunit (IL12RB1)
- Others
- Type II cytokine receptor - Lack WSXWS motif
-
- Interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR) - Heterodimer: IFNAR1 / IFNAR2
- Interferon-γ receptor (IFNGR) - Heterodimer: IFNGR1 / IFNGR2
- Interleukin receptors
- Immunoglobulin superfamily (Some members)
-
- CSF1
- CD117 (c-KIT)
- IL1 receptor family (IL1R)
- IL1R type 1 (CD121a)
- IL1R type 2 (CD121b)
- IL1R accessory protein (IL1RAP)
- IL1RL1 (IL33R, ST2)
- Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family - Trimeric cytokine receptors
|
|
-
- Chemokine receptors - 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors
- CC chemokine receptors (CCRs)
- CXC chemokine receptors (CXCRs)
-
-
- C chemokine receptors (XCRs)
- CX3C chemokine receptors (CX3CRs)
- CX3CR1 (Fractalkine receptor)
- TGF beta receptors - Single transmembrane pass serine/threonine kinase receptors
-
Natural killer cell receptors
-
- Killer activation receptors (KARs)
- Natural killer group 2 receptors (NKG2s)
-
-
- Activating KIRs
- Killer inhibitory receptors (KIRs)
- Two domains, long cytoplasmic tail
-
- Two domains, short cytoplasmic tail
- Three domains, long cytoplasmic tail
-
- Three domains, short cytoplasmic tail
-
Others
Antibodies
- Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
- Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
- Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
- Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
- Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
Cytokines
|
|
|
|
-
- CX3CL1 (Fractalkine, Neurotactin)
|
|
|
|
MHCs
Major histocompatibility complex
Complement proteins
- Early stage (divided by pathway)
- Middle stage
- C3 - C3a / C3b / iC3b
- C5 - C5a
- C3-convertase
- C5-convertase
- Late stage
-
- Membrane attack complex (MAC)
- Complement pathway inhibitors
- C1-inhibitor - Classical, Lectin, Alternate
- Decay-accelerating factor (CD59) - Classical, Lectin, Alternate
- Factor I - Classical, Lectin, Alternate
- C4BP - Classical, Lectin
- Factor H - Alternate
Antimicrobial peptides
Transcription factors
- T-bet - TH1 differentiation
- GATA3 - TH2 differentiation
- RORγT - TH17 differentiation
- BCL6 - TFH differentiation
- FoxP3 - Treg differentiation
Signaling pathways
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
- Integrins - Obligate heterodimers of one alpha and one beta subunits
- Alpha subunits
- Beta subunits
-
- Dimers
-
- Cytoadhesin receptor
- Integrin alpha6beta4
- Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa - Heterodimer: ITGA2B / ITGB3
- Fibrinogen receptor
- Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18
- Fibronectin receptor:
- Leukocyte-adhesion receptor:
- LFA-1 - Heterodimer: CD11a / CD18
- Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18
- Integrin alphaXbeta2 (CR4) - Heterodimer: CD11c / CD18
- Very late antigen receptor:
- Vitronectin receptor:
- SynCAMs - Synaptic cell adhesion molecules
- NCAMs - Neural cell adhesion molecules
- Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs)
- SIGLEC family - Sialic acid binding lectins
- Others
Others
-
- CD80 - Expressed by APCs
- CD86 - Expressed by APCs
- CD28 family receptors
Immune system disorders
Hypersensitivity and Allergy
-
-
- Foreign
- Autoimmune
-
- Foreign
- Autoimmune
- Type 4 hypersensitivity (Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity)
-
- Foreign
- Autoimmune
- GVHD (Graft-versus-host disease)
- Unknown/Multiple types
-
Immunodeficiency
Cancers of the immune system
Myeloid diseases
Inflammatory diseases
Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders
Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders
Lymphatic organ disease
Immunologic techniques and tests
- Flow cytometry
- Mass cytometry
- Histology
- Adoptive cell transfer
- Experiments in immunology
- Genetically modified mouse
- Immunofluorescence
- Immunofixation
- Immunoadsorption
- MHC multimer
- Hybridoma technology
Immunology and health
Immunologists
Immunology lists
- List of autoimmune diseases
- List of immunologists
- List of viruses
- List of human clusters of differentiation
- List of vaccine ingredients
- List of allergens
- List of cytokines
- List of cytokine receptors
- List of pattern recognition receptors
- List of tissue-resident macrophages
- List of branches of immunology
- List of acute-phase proteins
External links
- BMC: Immunology- BioMed Central:Immunology is an open access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research articles.
- Nature Reviews Immunology (journal home)
- Janeway's Immunobiology textbook Searchable free online version at the National Center for Biotechnology Information
- Overview at Medical College of Georgia
- MUGEN NoE murine models for immunological disease
- Transplantation Immunology Interesting web site made by the faculty of medicine of the University of Geneva dealing with the immunological issues linked with the transplantation of materials genetically different between donor and recipient (hematopoietical stem cells, organs or the transfusion of blood).
- Online lectures in immunology University of South Carolina
- BRT-Burleson Research Technologies Tests the effects of pharmaceuticals in the developmental stage on the immune system.