| Viral disease | |
|---|---|
| Other names | viral infection |
 | |
| Transmission electron micrograph of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virions | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells.
Structural Characteristics
Virions of some of the most common human viruses with their relative size. Nucleic acids are not to scale. SARS stands as for SARS as for COVID-19, variola viruses for smallpox.
Basic structural characteristics, such as genome type, virion shape and replication site, generally share the same features among virus species within the same family.
- Double-stranded DNA families: three are non-enveloped (Adenoviridae, Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae) and two are enveloped (Herpesviridae and Poxviridae). All of the non-enveloped families have icosahedral capsids.
- Partly double-stranded DNA viruses: Hepadnaviridae. These viruses are enveloped.
- One family of single-stranded DNA viruses infects humans: Parvoviridae. These viruses are non-enveloped.
- Positive single-stranded RNA families: three non-enveloped (Astroviridae, Caliciviridae and Picornaviridae) and four enveloped (Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae and Togaviridae). All the non-enveloped families have icosahedral nucleocapsids.
- Negative single-stranded RNA families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, ParamyxoviridaeParamyxoviridae and Rhabdoviridae. All are enveloped with helical nucleocapsids.
- Double-stranded RNA genome: Reoviridae.
- The Hepatitis D virus has not yet been assigned to a family, but is clearly distinct from the other families infecting humans.
- Viruses known to infect humans that have not been associated with disease: the family Anelloviridae and the genus Dependovirus. Both of these taxa are non-enveloped single-stranded DNA viruses.
Pragmatic Rules
Human-infecting virus families offer rules that may assist physicians and medical microbiologists/virologists.
As a general rule, DNA viruses replicate within the cell nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm. Exceptions are known to this rule: poxviruses replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus.
- Segmented genomes: Bunyaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Arenaviridae, and Reoviridae (acronym BOAR). All are RNA viruses.
- Viruses transmitted almost exclusively by arthropods: Bunyavirus, Flavivirus, and Togavirus. Some Reoviruses are transmitted from arthropod vectors. All are RNA viruses.
- One family of enveloped viruses causes gastroenteritis (Coronaviridae). All other viruses associated with gastroenteritis are non-enveloped.
Baltimore Group
This group of analysts defined multiple categories of virus. Groups:
- I - dsDNA
- II - ssDNA
- III - dsRNA
- IV - positive-sense ssRNA
- V - negative-sense ssRNA
- VI - ssRNA-RT
- VII - dsDNA-RT
Clinical characteristics
The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:
| Type | Family | Transmission | Diseases | Treatment | Prevention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adenovirus | Adenoviridae |
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None |
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| Coxsackievirus | Picornaviridae |
|
None |
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| Cytomegalovirus | Herpesviridae |
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| Epstein–Barr virus | Herpesviridae |
|
None |
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| Hepatitis A virus | Picornaviridae |
|
Immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis) |
|
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| Hepatitis B virus | Hepadnaviridae |
|
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| Hepatitis C virus | Flaviviridae |
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| Herpes simplex virus, type 1 | Herpesviridae |
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|
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| Herpes simplex virus, type 2 | Herpesviridae |
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| HIV | Retroviridae |
|
HAART, such as protease inhibitors and reverse-transcriptase inhibitors |
|
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| Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) | Coronaviridae |
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| Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) | Coronaviridae |
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| Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) | Coronaviridae | ||||
| Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) | Coronaviridae | ||||
| Human herpesvirus, type 8 | Herpesviridae |
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many in evaluation-stage |
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| Human papillomavirus | Papillomaviridae |
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| Influenza virus | Orthomyxoviridae |
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| Measles virus | Paramyxoviridae |
|
None |
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| Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) | Coronaviridae |
|
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| Mumps virus | Paramyxoviridae |
|
None |
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| Parainfluenza virus | Paramyxoviridae |
|
None |
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| Poliovirus | Picornaviridae |
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None |
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| Rabies virus | Rhabdoviridae |
|
|
Post-exposure prophylaxis |
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| Respiratory syncytial virus | Pneumoviridae |
|
(ribavirin) |
|
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| Rubella virus | Togaviridae |
|
None |
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| Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | Coronaviridae |
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| Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Coronaviridae |
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| Varicella-zoster virus | Herpesviridae |
|
Varicella:
Zoster:
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Varicella:
Zoster:
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See also
External links
| Components |  |
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|---|---|---|
| Viral life cycle | ||
| Genetics | ||
| By host | ||
| Other | ||
